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Pesticides in Ichkeul Lake–Bizerta Lagoon Watershed in Tunisia: use, occurrence, and effects on bacteria and free-living marine nematodes

  • Crop protection and environmental health: legacy management and new concepts
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Abstract

This study aimed to identify the most commonly used agricultural pesticides around Ichkeul Lake–Bizerta Lagoon watershed. First survey of pesticide use on agricultural watershed was performed with farmers, Regional Commissioner for Agricultural Development, and pesticide dealers. Then, sediment contamination by pesticides and response of benthic communities (bacteria and free-living marine nematode) were investigated. The analysis of 22 active organochlorine pesticides in sediments was performed according to quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method, biodiversity of indigenous bacterial community sediment was determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), and free-living marine nematodes were counted. The results of the field survey showed that iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D), glyphosate, and fenoxaprops were the most used herbicides, tebuconazole and epoxiconazole the most used fungicides, and deltamethrin the most used insecticide. Sixteen organochlorine pesticide compounds among the 22 examined were detected in sediments up to 2 ppm in Ichkeul Lake, endrin, dieldrin, and hexachlorocyclohexane being the most detected molecules. The most pesticide-contaminated site in the lake presented the higher density of nematode, but when considering all sites, no clear correlation with organochlorine pesticide (OCP) content could be established. The bacterial community structure in the most contaminated site in the lake was characterized by the terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) 97, 146, 258, 285, and 335 while the most contaminated site in the lagoon was characterized by the T-RFs 54, 263, 315, 403, and 428. Interestingly, T-RFs 38 and 143 were found in the most contaminated sites of both lake and lagoon ecosystems, indicating that they were resistant to OCPs and able to cope with environmental fluctuation of salinity. In contrast, the T-RFs 63, 100, 118, and 381 in the lake and the T-RFs 40, 60, 80, 158, 300, 321, and 357 in the lagoon were sensitive to OCPs. This study highlighted that the intensive use of pesticides in agriculture, through transfer to aquatic ecosystem, may disturb the benthic ecosystem functioning of the protected area. The free-living marine nematodes and bacterial communities represent useful proxy to follow the ecosystem health and its capacity of resilience.

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Abbreviations

OCPs:

Organochlorine pesticides

QuEChERS:

Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe

T-RFLP:

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism

bp:

Base pair

ppm:

Part per million

DDT:

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes

Koc:

Carbon partition coefficient organic/water

rRNA:

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

CRDA:

Regional Commission for Agricultural Development

CTV:

Territorial extension cells

Chl a :

Chlorophyll a

HCHs:

Hexachlorocyclohexanes/lindane

HCB:

Hexachlorobenzene

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

HEX:

5-Hexachloro-fluorescein

TET:

Tetrachlorofluorescein

T-RFs:

Terminal restriction fragments

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mme Nabiha M’barek (National Agency of Environment Protection Tunisia) and Mr Taher Kaabi (Commissariat Regional Commission for Agricultural Development of Bizerta) for their logistic contribution. We acknowledge the Regional Platform for Environmental Microbiology PREMICE supported by the Aquitaine Regional Government Council (France) and the urban community of Pau-Pyrénées (France).

Conflict of interest

We declare that no conflict of interest exists in the submission of this manuscript. All authors have approved the manuscript for publication. We also declare that the work described is original research that has not been published previously. This manuscript is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia

    Fida Ben Salem, Olfa Ben Said, Patricia Aissa & Ezzeddine Mahmoudi

  2. Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY Group, UMR CNRS IPREM 5254-IBEAS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Pau cedex, France

    Fida Ben Salem & Robert Duran

  3. Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, IPREM UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Pau cedex, France

    Fida Ben Salem & Mathilde Monperrus

  4. IRD, UMR-LISAH (IRD-INRA-SupAgro), Bat 24, 2 place Viala, 34060, Montpellier cedex 01, France

    Olivier Grunberger

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  1. Fida Ben Salem
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Correspondence to Fida Ben Salem.

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Salem, F.B., Said, O.B., Aissa, P. et al. Pesticides in Ichkeul Lake–Bizerta Lagoon Watershed in Tunisia: use, occurrence, and effects on bacteria and free-living marine nematodes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 36–48 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4991-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4991-8

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