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Air and seawater pollution and air–sea gas exchange of persistent toxic substances in the Aegean Sea: spatial trends of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs

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Abstract

Near-ground air (26 substances) and surface seawater (55 substances) concentrations of persistent toxic substances (PTS) were determined in July 2012 in a coordinated and coherent way around the Aegean Sea based on passive air (10 sites in 5 areas) and water (4 sites in 2 areas) sampling. The direction of air–sea exchange was determined for 18 PTS. Identical samplers were deployed at all sites and were analysed at one laboratory. hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) as well as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation products are evenly distributed in the air of the whole region. Air concentrations of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) and o,p′-DDT and seawater concentrations of p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD were elevated in Thermaikos Gulf, northwestern Aegean Sea. The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener pattern in air is identical throughout the region, while polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE)patterns are obviously dissimilar between Greece and Turkey. Various pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, DDE, and penta- and hexachlorobenzene are found close to phase equilibrium or net-volatilisational (upward flux), similarly at a remote site (on Crete) and in the more polluted Thermaikos Gulf. The results suggest that effective passive air sampling volumes may not be representative across sites when PAHs significantly partitioning to the particulate phase are included.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Giorgos Kouvarakis and Nikolas Mihalopoulos, University of Crete, for on-site support. This research was supported by the Granting Agency of the Czech Republic (#312334), the Czech Ministry of Education (LO1214 and LM2011028), by the European Social Fund (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0037) and the European Commission FP7 (#262254 ACTRIS).

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No potential conflicts of interest (financial or non-financial) exist.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

    Gerhard Lammel, Ondřej Audy, Christos Efstathiou, Jiři Kohoutek, Petr Kukučka, Marie D. Mulder, Petra Přibylová, Roman Prokeš, Tatsiana P. Rusina & Branislav Vrana

  2. Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany

    Gerhard Lammel

  3. Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Athanasios Besis, Constantini Samara & Dimitra Voutsa

  4. Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, NCSR Demokritos Institute, Athens, Greece

    Kostas Eleftheriadis & Vassiliki Vassilatou

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey

    Aysun Sofuoglu & Sait C. Sofuoglu

  6. Environmental Engineering Department, Uludağ University, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey

    Yücel Taşdemir

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  1. Gerhard Lammel
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Lammel, G., Audy, O., Besis, A. et al. Air and seawater pollution and air–sea gas exchange of persistent toxic substances in the Aegean Sea: spatial trends of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 11301–11313 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4363-4

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