Abstract
The presence of harmful heavy metals (HMs) in the aquatic environment can damage the environment and threaten human health. Traditional remediation techniques can have secondary impacts. Thus, more sustainable approaches must be developed. Microalgae have biological properties (such as high photosynthetic efficiency and growth), which are of great advantage in the HMs removal. In this study, the effect of various concentrations (2×, 4×, and 6×) of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and zinc (Zn) on microalgae (C. sorokiniana GEEL-01, P. kessleri GEEL-02, D. asymmetricus GEEL-05) was investigated. The microalgal growth kinetics, HMs removal, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphor (TP), and fatty acids (FAs) compositions were analyzed. The highest growth of 1.474 OD680nm and 1.348 OD680nm was obtained at 2× and 4×, respectively, for P. kessleri GEEL-02. P. kessleri GEEL-02 showed high removal efficiency of Cu, Co, and Zn (38.92–55.44%), (36.27–68.38%), and (32.94–51.71%), respectively. Fatty acids (FAs) analysis showed that saturated FAs in C. sorokiniana GEEL-01 and P. kessleri GEEL-02 increased at 2× and 4× concentrations while decreasing at 6×. For P. kessleri GEEL-02, the properties of biodiesel including the degree of unsaturation (UD) and cetane value (CN) increased at 2×, 4×, and 6× as compared to the control. Thus, this study demonstrated that the three microalgae (particularly P. kessleri GEEL-02) are more suitable for nutrient and HMs removal coupled with biomass/biodiesel production.
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Abbreviations
- BBM:
-
Bold basal medium
- CFPP:
-
Cold filter plugging point
- CN:
-
Cetane number
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Co:
-
Cobalt
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- FAs:
-
Fatty acids
- Fe:
-
Iron
- H+ :
-
Proton
- HMs:
-
Heavy metals
- IV:
-
Iodine value
- LCSF:
-
Long-chain saturation factor
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Mo:
-
Molybdenum
- MUFA:
-
Monounsaturated fatty acids
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- NO× :
-
Nitrogen oxides
- OD:
-
Optical density
- OH− :
-
Hydroxyl ion
- PUFA:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- SO× :
-
Sulphur oxides
- SV:
-
Saponification value
- TN:
-
Total nitrogen
- TP:
-
Total phosphorus
- UD:
-
Unsaturation degree
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- 2×:
-
Two times
- 4×:
-
Four times
- 6×:
-
Six times
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The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for funding this work, under the Research Groups Funding program grant code (NU/RG/SERC/12/23).
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ZS: methodology, visualization, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, and writing-original draft. MJ: conceptualization and methodology, funding acquisition, and project administration. SAA: conceptualization and methodology. FAH: conceptualization and methodology. AAA: visualization, review. LW: software, investigation, and formal analysis. NT: methodology, conceptualization, visualization, review and editing, and supervision. E-SS: conceptualization, supervision, resources, data curation, validation, writing-review and editing, funding acquisition, and project administration.
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Su, Z., Jalalah, M., Alsareii, S.A. et al. Supplementation of micro-nutrients to growth media of microalgae-induced biomass and fatty acids composition for clean energy generation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 40, 12 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03815-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03815-w