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Exploring the hidden treasures of Nitella hyalina: a comprehensive study on its biological compounds, nutritional profile, and unveiling its antimicrobial, antioxidative, and hypoglycemic properties

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Abstract

Macroalgae has the potential to be a precious resource in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify and quantify the phyco-chemicals and to assess the nutritional profile, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties of Nitella hyalina extracts. Nutritional composition revealed0.05 ± 2.40% ash content, followed by crude protein (24.66 ± 0.95%), crude fat (17.66 ± 1.42%), crude fiber (2.17 ± 0.91%), moisture content (15.46 ± 0.48%) and calculated energy value (173.50 ± 2.90 Kcal/100 g). 23 compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis in ethyl acetate extract, with primary compounds being Palmitic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and Methyl tetra decanoate. Whereas 15 compounds were identified in n-butanol extract, with the major compounds being Tetra decanoic acid, 9-hexadecanoic acid, Methyl pentopyranoside, and undecane. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of alcoholic phenol, saturated aliphatic compounds, lipids, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, aromatic components, amine, alkyl halides, alkene, and halogen compounds. Moreover, n-butanol contains 1.663 ± 0.768 mg GAE/g, of total phenolic contents (TPC,) and 2.050 ± 0.143 QE/g of total flavonoid contents (TFC), followed by ethyl acetate extract, i.e. 1.043 ± 0.961 mg GAE/g and 1.730 ± 0.311 mg QE/g respectively. Anti-radical scavenging effect in a range of 34.55–46.35% and 35.39–41.79% was measured for n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Antimicrobial results declared that n-butanol extract had the highest growth inhibitory effect, followed by ethyl acetate extract. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported to be the most susceptible strain, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while Candida albicans showed the least inhibition at all concentrations. In-vivo hypoglycemic study revealed that both extracts exhibited dose-dependent activity. Significant hypoglycemic activity was observed at a dose of 300 mg/kg− 1 after 6 h i.e. 241.50 ± 2.88, followed by doses of 200 and 100 mg/kg− 1 (245.17 ± 3.43 and 250.67 ± 7.45, respectively) for n-butanol extract. In conclusion, the macroalgae demonstrated potency concerning antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hypoglycemic properties.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R31), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We would like to extend our sincere appreciation to the Pakistani Ministry of Science and Technology for providing us with access to and the opportunity to use the equipment located at the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Peshawar. Furthermore, we would like to express our gratitude to the Department of Botany at Islamia College in Peshawar for their essential assistance throughout our research.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under grant number (R.G.P. 2/223/44).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    Muhammad Imran & Arshad Iqbal

  2. Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    Syed Lal Badshah

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA

    Syed Lal Badshah

  4. Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, 24460, Pakistan

    Imtiaz Ahmad

  5. Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia

    Ashwag Shami

  6. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Baber Ali

  7. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia

    Fatema Suliman Alatawi

  8. Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia

    Mohsen Suliman Alatawi

  9. Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    Yasser S. Mostafa & Saad A. Alamri

  10. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    Ahlam A. Alalwiat & Majed A. Bajaber

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Conceptualization, Data curation, writing – original draft, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology; Syed Lal Badshah, Imtiaz Ahmad: Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Resources, Writing – review & editing; Baber Ali: Data Curation, Formal analysis, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing; Ashwag Shami, Fatema Suliman Alatawi, Mohsen Suliman Alatawi, Yasser S. Mostafa, Saad A. Alamri, Ahlam A. Alalwiat, Majed A. Bajaber : Software, Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, Data Curation, Validation. All authors contributed significantly, have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”

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Correspondence to Arshad Iqbal.

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To ensure the ethical treatment of animals, the procedures recommended by the Animal Ethical Committee of the University of Malakand’s Department of Pharmacy (Ref: DREC/ Pharm –DM / DD2 -2020) were followed. All the experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

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Imran, M., Iqbal, A., Badshah, S.L. et al. Exploring the hidden treasures of Nitella hyalina: a comprehensive study on its biological compounds, nutritional profile, and unveiling its antimicrobial, antioxidative, and hypoglycemic properties. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 345 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03795-x

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