Abstract
Wild-type microorganisms have become tolerant to higher antibiotic and antimicrobial agent concentrations due to the global increase in antibiotic consumption. Green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed as potential antimicrobial agents to overcome the problem. This research prepared cadmium nanoparticles (Cd NPs) using Artemisia persica extract. To clarify the biological behavior of Cd NPs and Cd (NO3)2, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and biocompatible experiments were performed. Since Cd toxicity is associated with liver, kidney damage, and other deficits, HepG2 and HUVEC cell lines were employed as the in vitro cytotoxicity models. Cd NPs had a lower cytotoxic effect than Cd (NO3)2 against both HepG2 and HUVEC cells. The Cd NPs exhibited no hemolysis activity. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm studies were conducted using gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the ability to form severe adherent biofilms. The antibacterial activity of Cd NPs against clinically isolated S. aureus, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa was above 2560 µg mL− 1. The Cd NPs (640 µg mL− 1) decreased the biofilm formation of S. aureus, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa by 24.6%, 31.6%, and 26.4%, respectively.
Moreover, adding Cd NPs (100 µg/disc) to antibiotic discs increased the antibacterial activity of vancomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycin, meropenem, and kanamycin against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, significantly. Due to the emergence of resistant microorganisms, Cd NPs can be used as an exciting material to counterattack global health problems. Further research is needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd NPs’ pharmacological and toxicological effects.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Kerman, Iran), for its financial support and admirable participation in this study. We acknowledge the support from the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Kerman, Iran).
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This study was financially supported by the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Kerman, Iran) (Grant number 400000795).
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The authors contributed to the present work as described below: Mahboubeh Adeli-Sardou contributed to the preparation and characterization of NPs. Mojtaba Shakibaie supervised the study, received the related grant, and was involved in purchasing materials and analyzing the obtained results. Hamid Forootanfar was involved in cytotoxicity studies, Fereshteh Jabari-Morouei was involved in antibacterial studies, and Soudabe Riahi-Madvar supervised the hemolytic activity studies, Sima-Sadat Ghafari-Shahrbabaki involved in the anti-biofilm studies. Mitra Mehrabani was involved in statistical analysis. The authors have equally contributed to preparing and reviewing the manuscript.
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Adeli-Sardou, M., Shakibaie, M., Forootanfar, H. et al. Cytotoxicity and anti-biofilm activities of biogenic cadmium nanoparticles and cadmium nitrate: a preliminary study. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 38, 246 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03418-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03418-x