Abstract
BTEXS, a group of aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants, is widespread and hazardous. Using headspace and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) as a newly developed simple, low-cost, and accurate method is used to determine and optimize the quantifying BTEXS in water using the Taguchi method. As part of the validation process, linearity, detection limits, and accuracy were investigated. The LOD and LOQ ranged between 0.03–0.32 mg/L and 0.1–1.09 mg/L, respectively. Statistically, the relative standard deviation was less than 12.69% (n = 21). At mg/L levels, headspace coupled to GC-FID is an effective BTEXS analysis method. The Co-MCM-41 nanocatalyst was successfully used to remove BTEXS at levels of 79.27% and 78.61%, respectively, in laboratory-spiked and industrial wastewater samples. The recuperation results appear to have incredible performance and application potential for the BTEXS sorbent. Reusability tests for Co-MCM-41 nanocatalysts showed the highest activity in nine consecutive reaction cycles.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and, or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.
References
AbuKhadra, M. R., Mohamed, A. S., El-Sherbeeny, A. M., & Elmeligy, M. A. (2020). Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of acephate pesticide over MCM-41/Co3O4 nanocomposite synthesized from rice husk silica gel and Peach leaves. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 389, 122129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122129
Akinsanya, B., Ayanda, I. O., Onwuka, B., & Saliu, J. K. (2020). Bioaccumulation of BTEX and PAHs in Heterotis niloticus (Actinopterygii) from the Epe Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Heliyon, 6(1), e03272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03272
Alonso, M. L., San Román, I., Bartolomé, L., Monfort, N., Alonso, R. M., & Ventura, R. (2022). Multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) methodology applied to the determination of volatile metabolites of plasticizers in human urine. Microchemical Journal, 180, 107567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107567
AlSalka, Y., Karabet, F., & Hashem, S. (2010). Development and optimisation of quantitative analytical method to determine BTEX in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD. Analytical Methods, 2(8), 1026–1035. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0AY00285B
Amanollahi, H., Moussavi, G., & Giannakis, S. (2019). VUV/Fe(II)/H2O2 as a novel integrated process for advanced oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in water at neutral pH: Process intensification and mechanistic aspects. Water Research, 166, 115061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115061
Ambaye, T. G., Chebbi, A., Formicola, F., Prasad, S., Gomez, F. H., Franzetti, A., & Vaccari, M. (2022). Remediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons and its reuse for agriculture: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Chemosphere, 293, 133572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133572
Andas, J., Ekhbal, S. H., & Ali, T. H. (2021). MCM-41 modified heterogeneous catalysts from rice husk for selective oxidation of styrene into benzaldehyde. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 21, 101308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101308
Andrade, M. A., & Martins, L. M. D. R. S. (2021). Selective styrene oxidation to benzaldehyde over recently developed heterogeneous catalysts. Molecules, 26(6), 1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061680
Aslani, S., & Armstrong, D. W. (2022). High information spectroscopic detection techniques for gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1676, 463255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463255
Atchudan, R., Pandurangan, A., & Joo, J. (2013). Synthesis of multilayer graphene balls on mesoporous Co-MCM-41 molecular sieves by chemical vapour deposition method. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 175, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.03.035
Azat, S., Korobeinyk, A. V., Moustakas, K., & Inglezakis, V. J. (2019). Sustainable production of pure silica from rice husk waste in Kazakhstan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.142
Azizi, S. N., & Yousefpour, M. (2008). Spectroscopic studies of different kind of rice husk samples grown in North of Iran and the extracted silica by using XRD, XRF, IR, AA and NMR techniques. Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 3(3).
Barbieri, A., Violante, F. S., Sabatini, L., Graziosi, F., & Mattioli, S. (2008). Urinary biomarkers and low-level environmental benzene concentration: Assessing occupational and general exposure. Chemosphere, 74(1), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.011
Barros, N., Carvalho, M., Silva, C., Fontes, T., Prata, J. C., Sousa, A., & Manso, M. C. (2019). Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) exposure in residents living near gas stations. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 82(9), 550–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1634380
Chen, Y., Guo, Z., Wang, X., & Qiu, C. (2008). Sample preparation. Journal of Chromatography A, 1184(1), 191–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.026
Costa-Gómez, I., Caracena, A. B., Durán-Amor, M., & Banon, D. (2023). BTEX proportions as an indicator of benzene hotspots and dispersion tends in cities where sea and land breezes dominate. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01306-3
Crapnell, R. D., Dempsey, N. C., Sigley, E., Tridente, A., & Banks, C. E. (2022). Electroanalytical point-of-care detection of gold standard and emerging cardiac biomarkers for stratification and monitoring in intensive care medicine - a review. Microchimica Acta, 189(4), 142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05186-9
Davidson, C. J., Hannigan, J. H., & Bowen, S. E. (2021). Effects of inhaled combined Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX): Toward an environmental exposure model. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 81, 103518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2020.103518
de Oliveira, L. M. A., dos Santos, V. B., da Silva, E. K. N., Lopes, A. S., & Dantas-Filho, H. A. (2020). An environment-friendly spot test method with digital imaging for the micro-titration of citric fruits. Talanta, 206, 120219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120219
Dehghani, S., & Haghighi, M. (2019). Sono-dispersion of MgO over Al-Ce-doped MCM-41 bifunctional nanocatalyst for one-step biodiesel production from acidic oil: Influence of ultrasound irradiation and Si/Ce molar ratio. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 54, 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.02.005
Farahani, F. A., Alipour, E., Mohammadi, R., Amini-Fazl, M. S., & Abnous, K. (2022). Development of novel aptasensor for ultra-sensitive detection of myoglobin via electrochemical signal amplification of methylene blue using poly (styrene)-block-poly (acrylic acid) amphiphilic copolymer. Talanta, 237, 122950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122950
Farias, M. F., Domingos, Y. S., Turolla Fernandes, G. J., Castro, F. L., Fernandes, V. J., Fonseca Costa, M. J., & Araujo, A. S. (2018). Effect of acidity in the removal-degradation of benzene in water catalyzed by Co-MCM-41 in medium containing hydrogen peroxide. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 258, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.09.003
Geraldino, B. R., Nunes, R. F. N., Gomes, J. B., da Poça, K. S., Giardini, I., Silva, P. V. B., Souza, H. P., Otero, U. B., & Sarpa, M. (2021). Evaluation of exposure to toluene and xylene in gasoline station workers. Advances in Preventive Medicine, 2021, 5553633. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5553633
Ghorbani, Y. A., Ghoreishi, S. M., & Ghani, M. (2022). Micro-solid phase extraction of volatile organic compounds in water samples using porous membrane-protected melamine-modified MIL-88 followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 42(8), 5496–5507. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2021.1954038
Gonçalves, C., Cubero-Leon, E., & Stroka, J. (2020). Determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals, tea and herbal infusions: Exploiting proficiency testing data as a basis to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics of an improved LC-MS/MS method. Food Chemistry, 331, 127260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127260
Halder, S., Xie, Z., Nantz, M. H., & Fu, X.-A. (2022). Integration of a micropreconcentrator with solid-phase microextraction for analysis of trace volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1673, 463083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463083
Haug, H., Klein, L., Sauerwald, T., Poelke, B., Beauchamp, J., & Roloff, A. (2022). Sampling volatile organic compound emissions from consumer products: A review. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2022.2136484
Heydari, M., Tabatabaie, T., Amiri, F., & Hashemi, S. E. (2023a). BTEXS removal from aqueous phase by MCM-41 green synthesis using rice husk silica. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 14(4), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.5829/ijee.2023.14.04.02
Heydari, M., Tabatabaie, T., Amiri, F., & Hashemi, S. E. (2023b). Comparative study of green synthesis of nanoparticles for removal of oily industrial wastewater by Taguchi method. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(10), 10983–10998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05106-1
Heydari, M., Tabatabaie, T., Amiri, F., & Hashemi, S. E. (2023c). Investigating photocatalytic removal of BTEXS in aqueous solution using a green synthesis of ALV-TiO2/Co-MCM-41 nanocomposite under visible light. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04647-2
Hilpert, M., Mora, B. A., Ni, J., Rule, A. M., & Nachman, K. E. (2015). Hydrocarbon release during fuel storage and transfer at gas stations: environmental and health effects. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(4), 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0074-8
Hyun Chung, T., Meshref, M. N. A., & Ranjan Dhar, B. (2021). A review and roadmap for developing microbial electrochemical cell-based biosensors for recalcitrant environmental contaminants, emphasis on aromatic compounds. Chemical Engineering Journal, 424, 130245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130245
Jalama, K., Coville, N. J., Hildebrandt, D., Glasser, D., & Jewell, L. L. (2007). Effect of cobalt carboxylate precursor chain length on Fischer-Tröpsch cobalt/alumina catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 326(2), 164–172.
Kamari, S., & Ghorbani, F. (2021). Extraction of highly pure silica from rice husk as an agricultural by-product and its application in the production of magnetic mesoporous silica MCM–41. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 11(6), 3001–3009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00637-w
Khadim, A. T., Albayati, T. M., & Cata Saady, N. M. (2022a). Desulfurization of actual diesel fuel onto modified mesoporous material Co/MCM-41. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 17, 100635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100635
Khadim, A. T., Albayati, T. M., & Cata Saady, N. M. (2022b). Removal of sulfur compounds from real diesel fuel employing the encapsulated mesoporous material adsorbent Co/MCM-41 in a fixed-bed column. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 341, 112020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2022.112020
Khadim, A. T., Albayati, T. M., & Saady, N. M. C. (2022c). Removal of sulfur compounds from real diesel fuel employing the encapsulated mesoporous material adsorbent Co/MCM-41 in a fixed-bed column. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 341, 112020.
Kuranchie, F. A., Angnunavuri, P. N., Attiogbe, F., & Nerquaye-Tetteh, E. N. (2019). Occupational exposure of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) to pump attendants in Ghana: Implications for policy guidance. Cogent Environmental Science, 5(1), 1603418. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2019.1603418
Liao, Q., Du, R., Ma, R., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Ji, P., Xiao, M., Cui, Y., Xing, X., Liu, L., Dang, S., Deng, Q., & Xiao, Y. (2022). Association between exposure to a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene (BTEXS) and small airways function: A cross-sectional study. Environmental Research, 212, 113488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113488
Liu, X., Hu, Q., Tong, Y., Li, N., Ouyang, S., Yang, H., Xu, J., & Ouyang, G. (2021). Sample bottle coated with sorbent as a novel solid-phase extraction device for rapid on-site detection of BTEX in water. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1152, 338226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338226
Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Wang, Q., Cheng, F., Lu, W., & Wang, J. (2022). Occupational health risk assessment of BTEX in municipal solid waste landfill based on external and internal exposure. Journal of Environmental Management, 305, 114348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114348
Lörchner, C., Horn, M., Berger, F., Fauhl-Hassek, C., Glomb, M. A., & Esslinger, S. (2022). Quality control of spectroscopic data in non-targeted analysis – Development of a multivariate control chart. Food Control, 133, 108601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108601
Machado, L. S., Soares, F. Q., Martins, R. O., Bernardo, R. A., Cardoso, A. T., Ruggiero, M. A., Rabelo, D., Souza, P. S., & Chaves, A. R. (2021). Polypyrrole monolithic extraction phase: From conventional to miniaturized sample preparation techniques. Journal of Chromatography A, 1651, 462260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462260
Marczynski, B., Peel, M., & Baur, X. (2000). New aspects in genotoxic risk assessment of styrene exposure – a working hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 619–623. https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.1999.0907
Martin de Lagarde, V., Rogez-Florent, T., Cazier, F., Dewaele, D., Cazier-Dennin, F., Ollivier, A., Janona, M., Achard, S., André, V., Monteil, C., & Corbière, C. (2022). Oxidative potential and in vitro toxicity of particles generated by pyrotechnic smokes in human small airway epithelial cells. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 239, 113637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113637
Mathimani, T., Rene, E. R., Sindhu, R., Al-Ansari, M. M., Al-Humaid, L. A., Jhanani, G. K., Chi, N. T. L., & Shanmuganathan, R. (2023). Biodiesel production and engine performance study using one-pot synthesised ZnO/MCM-41. Fuel, 336, 126830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126830
Medunić, G., Kuharić, Ž., Krivohlavek, A., Đuroković, M., Dropučić, K., Rađenović, A., Lužar Oberiter, B., Krizmanić, A., & Bajramović, M. (2018). Selenium, Sulphur, Trace Metal, and BTEX Levels in Soil, Water, and Lettuce from the Croatian Raša Bay Contaminated by Superhigh-Organic-Sulphur Coal. Geosciences, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110408
Melekhin, A. O., Tolmacheva, V. V., Goncharov, N. O., Apyari, V. V., Dmitrienko, S. G., Shubina, E. G., & Grudev, A. I. (2022). Multi-class, multi-residue determination of 132 veterinary drugs in milk by magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene prior to their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 387, 132866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132866
Miri, M., RostamiAghdamShendi, M., Ghaffari, H. R., Ebrahimi Aval, H., Ahmadi, E., Taban, E., Gholizadeh, A., Yazdani Aval, M., Mohammadi, A., & Azari, A. (2016). Investigation of outdoor BTEX: Concentration, variations, sources, spatial distribution, and risk assessment. Chemosphere, 163, 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.088
Mohamed, A. S., Abukkhadra, M. R., Abdallah, E. A., El-Sherbeeny, A. M., & Mahmoud, R. K. (2020). The photocatalytic performance of silica fume based Co3O4/MCM-41 green nanocomposite for instantaneous degradation of Omethoate pesticide under visible light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology a: Chemistry, 392, 112434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112434
Mohamed, R. M., Mkhalid, I. A., & Barakat, M. A. (2015). Rice husk ash as a renewable source for the production of zeolite NaY and its characterization. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.013
Mohammad, N., Abrokwah, R. Y., Stevens-Boyd, R. G., Aravamudhan, S., & Kuila, D. (2020). Fischer-Tropsch studies in a 3D-printed stainless steel microchannel microreactor coated with cobalt-based bimetallic-MCM-41 catalysts. Catalysis Today, 358, 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.02.020
Moreno-González, D., Castilla-Fernández, D., Vogel, P., Niu, G., Brandt, S., Drees, C., García-Reyes, J. F., Molina-Díaz, A., & Franzke, J. (2021). Evaluation of a novel controlled-atmosphere flexible microtube plasma soft ionization source for the determination of BTEX in olive oil by headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1179, 338835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2021.338835
Müller, A., Österlund, H., Marsalek, J., & Viklander, M. (2020). The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources. Science of the Total Environment, 709, 136125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125
Narges Elmi, F., & Reza, F. (2018). Optimization of operating parameters in photocatalytic activity of visible light Active Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 92(13), 2835–2846. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024418130071
Nayak, P., & Datta, A. (2021). Synthesis of SiO2-nanoparticles from rice husk ash and its comparison with commercial amorphous silica through material characterization. Silicon, 13(4), 1209–1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00509-y
Ogwang, G., Olupot, P. W., Kasedde, H., Menya, E., Storz, H., & Kiros, Y. (2021). Experimental evaluation of rice husk ash for applications in geopolymer mortars. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 6(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2021.02.008
Panpranot, J., Goodwin, J. G., & Sayari, A. (2002). CO Hydrogenation on Ru-Promoted Co/MCM-41 Catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 211(2), 530–539. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2002.3761
Parrilla Vázquez, P., Ferrer, C., Martínez Bueno, M. J., & Fernández-Alba, A. R. (2019). Pesticide residues in spices and herbs: Sample preparation methods and determination by chromatographic techniques. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 115, 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.022
Pascale, R., Bianco, G., Calace, S., Masi, S., Mancini, I. M., Mazzone, G., & Caniani, D. (2018). Method development and optimization for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in water at trace levels by static headspace extraction coupled to gas chromatography–barrier ionization discharge detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1548, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.018
Peng, C., Lee, J.-W., Sichani, H. T., & Ng, J. C. (2015). Toxic effects of individual and combined effects of BTEX on Euglena gracilis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 284, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.024
Phillips, J. B., & Beens, J. (1999). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A hyphenated method with strong coupling between the two dimensions. Journal of Chromatography A, 856(1), 331–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00815-8
Pinedo, J., Ibáñez, R., Lijzen, J. P. A., & Irabien, Á. (2013). Assessment of soil pollution based on total petroleum hydrocarbons and individual oil substances. Journal of Environmental Management, 130, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.048
Pirouzmand, M., & MahdaviAnakhatoon, M. (2018). β-Cyclodextrin containing Co/MCM-41 as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 37(5), 1770–1773. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12823
Pouramjad, A. A., Khojasteh, H., Amiri, O., Khoobi, A., & Salavati-Niasari, M. (2021). Preparation of magnetic Co3O4/TiO2 nanocomposite as solid-phase microextraction fiber coupled with chromatography for detection of aromatic compounds in environmental samples. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14(8), 103262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103262
Qi, B., Nicolaï, J., Smits, A., De Vocht, T., Deferm, N., Van Brantegem, P., Allegaert, K., & Annaert, P. (2020). A sensitive liquid chromatography method for analysis of propofol in small volumes of neonatal blood. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 45(1), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13038
Rahimpoor, R., Sarvi, F., Rahimnejad, S., & Ebrahimi, S. M. (2022). Occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene in West Asian countries: A brief review of current state and limits. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 73(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3634
Rakhtshah, J., Shirkhanloo, H., & Esmaeili, N. (2021). A rapid extraction of toxic styrene from water and wastewater samples based on hydroxyethyl methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate immobilized on MWCNTs by ultra-assisted dispersive cyclic conjugation-micro-solid phase extraction. Microchemical Journal, 170, 106759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106759
Rattanajongjitrakorn, P., & Prueksasit, T. (2014). Temporal variation of BTEX at the area of petrol station in Bangkok, Thailand. APCBEE Procedia, 10, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.10.011
Riboni, N., Amorini, M., Bianchi, F., Pedrini, A., Pinalli, R., Dalcanale, E., & Careri, M. (2022). Ultra-sensitive solid-phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography–Mass spectrometry determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in snow samples using a deep cavity BenzoQxCavitand. Chemosphere, 303, 135144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135144
Robatjazi, Z. S., Naimi-Jamal, M. R., & Tajbakhsh, M. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of highly efficient and recoverable Cu@MCM-41-(2-hydroxy-3-propoxypropyl) metformin mesoporous catalyst and its uses in Ullmann type reactions. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 4949. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08902-w
Sadighara, P., Akbari, N., Mostashari, P., Yazdanfar, N., & Shokri, S. (2022). The amount and detection method of styrene in foods: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chemistry: X, 13, 100238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100238
Saloni, P., & Pham, T. M. (2020). Enhanced properties of high-silica rice husk ash-based geopolymer paste by incorporating basalt fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 245, 118422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118422
Santana Costa, J. A., & Paranhos, C. M. (2018). Systematic evaluation of amorphous silica production from rice husk ashes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 688–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.028
Sharma, S., Singh, U. P., & Singh, A. P. (2021). Synthesis of MCM-41 supported cobalt (II) complex for the formation of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. Polyhedron, 199, 115102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2021.115102
Sühring, R., Smith, A., Emerson, H., Doran, D., Mellor, P., Kirby, M. F., & Christie, B. (2018). Qualification of oil-spill treatment products – Adopting the Baffled Flask Test for testing of dispersant efficacy in the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 129(2), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.038
Sullivan, G. L., Gallardo, J. D., Jones, E. W., Hollliman, P. J., Watson, T. M., & Sarp, S. (2020). Detection of trace sub-micron (nano) plastics in water samples using pyrolysis-gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (PY-GCToF). Chemosphere, 249, 126179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126179
Ullah, Z., Man, Z., Khan, A. S., Muhammad, N., Mahmood, H., Ben Ghanem, O., Ahmad, P., Hassan Shah, M.-U., Mamoon Ur, R., & Raheel, M. (2019). Extraction of valuable chemicals from sustainable rice husk waste using ultrasonic assisted ionic liquids technology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 620–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.041
VaziriDozein, S., Masrournia, M., Es’haghi, Z., & Bozorgmehr, M. R. (2021). Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene with headspace-hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography in wastewater and Buxus leaves, employing a chemometric approach. Chemical Papers, 75(8), 4305–4316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01663-2
Wang, B., Xu, X., Xu, W., Wang, N., Xiao, H., Sun, Y., Huang, H., Yu, L., Fu, M., Wu, J., Chen, L., & Ye, D. (2018). The mechanism of non-thermal plasma catalysis on volatile organic compounds removal. Catalysis Surveys from Asia, 22(2), 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10563-018-9241-x
Welp, E., Partanen, T., Kogevinas, M., Andersen, A., Bellander, T., Biocca, M., Coggon, D., Gennaro, V., Kolstad, H., Lundberg, I., Lynge, E., Spence, A., Ferro, G., Saracci, R., & Boffetta, P. (1996). Exposure to styrene and mortality from nonmalignant respiratory diseases. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(7), 499. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.53.7.499
Windarsih, A., Rohman, A., Riswanto, F. D., Dachriyanus, Yuliana, N. D., & Bakar, N. K. (2022). The metabolomics approaches based on LC-MS/MS for analysis of non-halal meats in food products: A Review. Agriculture, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12070984
Yu, K., Wang, L., Wang, X., Liu, W., Liang, J., & Liang, C. (2019). Synthesis of zinc-cobalt bimetallic oxide anchored on the surface of rice husk carbon as anode for high-performance lithium ion battery. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 135, 109112.
Zhang, P., Shu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, X., Yang, L., & Yang, X. (2022). Enhanced catalytic oxidation of bisphenol A via persulfate oxidation by microwave-assisted preparation of ZnCoxFe2-xO4-loaded rice-husk-carbon. Chemical Engineering Journal, 443, 136050.
Zhao, B., Huang, F., Zhang, C., Huang, G., Xue, Q., & Liu, F. (2020). Pollution characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons in the groundwater of China. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 233, 103676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103676
Acknowledgements
This research has been extracted from a Ph.D. thesis at Islamic Azad University, Bushehr. The authors would like to acknowledge the Pars Petrochemical Laboratory (ISO/IEC 17025:2012 standard, Accreditation Number: AB- 1096-T) for providing facilities and equipment as well as my dear colleagues for their countless cooperation and encouragement during this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mohammad Heydari: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Resources, Software, Data curation. Tayebeh Tabatabaie: Validation, review & and editing, Supervision, Data curation. Fazel Amiri: Validation, review & and editing, Supervision, Data curation. Seyed Enayat Hashemi: Validation, review & and editing, Supervision, Data curation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• A new easy-to-use quantification method for BTEXS in water has been developed.
• GC-FID can be a good choice for detecting BTEXS in water samples.
• The Taguchi method was used to achieve the best parameters for removing cyclic hydrocarbons.
• In a dual-walled reactor, BTEXS was successfully eliminated using the Co-MCM-41 nanocatalyst.
• Using methanol to recover Co-MCM-41 nanocatalyst has very stable reactivity, easy and inexpensive regeneration, and re-use.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Heydari, M., Tabatabaie, T., Amiri, F. et al. Evaluation of Co-MCM-41 Nanocatalyst for BTEXS Removal in Industrial Wastewater Samples by Headspace Coupled with Gas Chromatography. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 751 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06715-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06715-9