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OMICS Approaches in Mitigating Metal Toxicity in Comparison to Conventional Techniques Used in Cadmium Bioremediation

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Abstract

The modern world is prevailing into vulnerability to pollution. Heavy metals form a major part of global tainting. The increase in anthropogenic sources of contaminants is increasing intensely, particularly in the case of cadmium. A plethora of chemical and physical remediation methods are deployed for decontamination but are less effective as well as economical. Their imperfection is also in terms of being less environmentally friendly. Thus, biological approaches capture everyone’s attraction because of their biggest strength which is less use of chemicals, consequently making it an eco-friendly technique to be preferred over others. Many microbes specifically bacteria follow different mechanisms such as effluxing cadmium out of cells, detoxifying cadmium ions, and using enzymes to make cell membranes impermeable to cadmium. This paper aimed at revealing the different mechanisms of microbes explicitly to detoxify, absorb, adsorb, and accumulate cadmium. Biological approaches prove to be a promising tool to detoxify heavy metals; however, obstacles like less availability and slow growth, as well as specific growth requirements, attribute to their low feasibility in the process. To overcome such problems, OMICS approaches play a substantial role in understanding biological systems through comprehensive analysis. These approaches provide next-level studies of bioremediation through genomics, metagenomics, and different metabolomics. These technologies predominantly focus on extensive information from databases to predict or draw out productive conclusions, thus providing critical as well as advanced insights into understanding the flaws in the process. Hence, the present review incorporates the study of biological systems and their enhancement through Omics approaches to fulfill the aim of removing heavy metals from the environment.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan for giving us an opportunity to study the above topic.

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    Sneh Lata, Saurav Sharma & Sukhminderjit Kaur

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Lata, S., Sharma, S. & Kaur, S. OMICS Approaches in Mitigating Metal Toxicity in Comparison to Conventional Techniques Used in Cadmium Bioremediation. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 148 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06145-7

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