Abstract
The reliable estimate of the sediment load and streamflow is essential for water resources and flood management. In this study, the entropy-based technique and HEC-RAS are used for flow routing followed by sediment routing in HEC-RAS. The paper’s novelty is its application to data-deficit river networks, where observed sediment load and flow on tributaries are absent. The proposed method accommodates the flow and sediment contribution from the tributaries to the downstream station on a reach, despite unavailable observed data on it. The adopted flow routing techniques are applied to predict downstream flow on three different reaches (on the Mahanadi and the Godavari River). The prediction accuracy is evaluated using three statistical indices ‒ Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), relative error (RE), and Coefficient of determination (R2). Both flow routing techniques showed good performance for all three reaches (with or without tributaries), having NSE, R2 > 0.8, and RE < 13%. Despite the comparable performance, the entropy-based routing is suggested for natural rivers with or without tributary as it avoids the iterative calibration process to determine the roughness coefficient. Further, the sediment routing is performed on the data-deficit reach of the Mahanadi River to obtain the best-suited sediment transport function. The simulated sediment load using the Yang transport function matched satisfactorily with the observed data with NSE, R2 > 0.85, and RE < –27%. Subsequently, the Yang transport function and entropy-based flow routing are utilized for the sediment and flow estimation at an ungauged station on the Mahanadi river.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of Data and Materials
The datasets generated during and / or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Ardiclioglu M, Genc O, Kalin L, Agiralioglu N (2012) Investigation of flow properties in natural streams using the entropy concept. Water Environ J 26(2):147–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00270.x
Bai X, Shen W, Wang P, Chen X, He Y (2020) Response of non-point source pollution loads to land use change under different precipitation scenarios from a future perspective. Water Resour Manage 34(13):3987–4002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02626-0
Barbetta S, Franchini M, Melone F, Moramarco T (2012) Enhancement and comprehensive evaluation of the Rating Curve Model for different river sites. J Hydrol 464–465:376–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.07.027
Bera A, Mukhopadhyay BP, Biswas S (2020) Assessment of gully erosion and estimation of sediment yield in siddheswari river basin, eastern india, using swat model. In: Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation, p 279–293
Beura D (2015) Floods in Mahanadi river, Odisha, India: its causes and management. Int J Eng Appl Sci (IJEAS) 2(2):51–55
Bressan F, Mantilla R, Schilling KE, Palmer JA, Weber L (2020) Hydrologic-hydraulic modeling of sediment transport along the main stem of a watershed: Role of tributaries and channel geometry. Hydrol Sci J 65(2):183–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1687897
Chiu C (1991) Application of entropy concept in open‐ channel flow study. J Hydraul Eng 117(5):615–628. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1991)117:5(615)
Choo TH, Hong SH, Yoon HC, Yun GS, Chae SK (2015) The estimation of discharge in unsteady flow conditions, showing a characteristic loop form. Environ Earth Sci 73(8):4451–4460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3731-6
Chow VT, Maidment DR, Mays LW (1988) Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Das S, Sangode SJ, Kandekar AM (2021) Recent decline in streamflow and sediment discharge in the Godavari basin, India (1965–2015). CATENA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105537
Dey S (2014) Fluvial hydrodynamics: Hydrodynamic and sediment transport phenomena. Springer, Berlin, p 2014
Farina G, Alvisi S, Franchini M, Moramarco T (2014) Three methods for estimating the entropy parameter M based on a decreasing number of velocity measurements in a river cross-section. Entropy 16(5):2512–2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/e16052512
Ghosh A, Roy MB, Roy PK, Mukherjee S (2021) Assessing the nature of sediment transport with bridge scour by 1D sediment transport model in the sub-catchment basin of Bhagirathi-Hooghly river. Model Earth Syst Environ 7(4):2823–2845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01058-4
Greco M, Moramarco T (2016) Influence of bed roughness and cross section geometry on medium and maximum velocity ratio in open-channel flow. J Hydraul Eng 142(1):06015015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001064
Hassanzadeh H, Faiznia S, Shafai Bajestan M, Motamed A (2011) Estimate of sediment transport rate at Karkheh River in Iran using selected transport formulas. World Appl Sci J 13(2):376–384
Hummel R, Duan JG, Zhang S (2012) Comparison of unsteady and quasi-unsteady flow models in simulating sediment transport in an Ephemeral Arizona stream. J Am Water Resour Assoc 48(5):987–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00663.x
IS: 2720 Part 4 (1985) Indian Standard, Methods of Test for Soils, Part 4: Grain Size Analysis. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. Reaffirmed (2006)
Kar R, Sarkar A (2021) Anthropogenic influences on the variation of runoff and sediment load of the Mahanadi River basin. Hydrol Sci J 66(12):1820–1844. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2021.1967957
Kar R, Sarkar A (2022) Potential predictability of suspended sediment concentration in the data constrained regions of the Mahanadi River basin, Eastern India. Int J River Basin Manag 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2021.2016782
Karahan H, Gurarslan G, Geem ZW (2015) A new nonlinear Muskingum flood routing model incorporating lateral flow. Eng Optim 47(6):737–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2014.918115
Karmaker T, Ramprasad Y, Dutta S (2010) Sediment transport in an active erodible channel bend of Brahmaputra river. Sadhana - Acad Proc Eng Sci 35(6):693–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-010-0052-7
Kumar N, Kumar M, Sherring A, Suryavanshi S, Ahmad A, Lal D (2020) Applicability of HEC-RAS 2D and GFMS for flood extent mapping: a case study of Sangam area, Prayagraj, India. Model Earth Syst Environ 6(1):397–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00687-8
Mishra SP (2017) Stochastic modeling of flow and sediment of the rivers at Delta Head, East Coast of India. Am J Oper Res 07(06):331–347. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajor.2017.76025
Moramarco T, Singh VP (2001) Simple method for relating local stage and remote discharge. J Hydrol Eng 6(1):78–81. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2001)6:1(78)
Moramarco T, Barbetta S, Melone F, Singh VP (2005) Relating local stage and remote discharge with significant lateral inflow. J Hydrol Eng 10(1):58–69. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2005)10:1(23)
Moramarco T, Saltalippi C, Singh VP (2004) Estimation of mean velocity in natural channels based on Chiu’s velocity distribution equation. J Hydrol Eng 9(1):42–50. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2004)9:1(42)
Nakato T (1990) Tests of selected sediment-transport formulas. J Hydraul Eng 116(3):362–379. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1990)116:3(362)
Panda RK, Pramanik N, Bala B (2010) Simulation of river stage using artificial neural network and MIKE 11 hydrodynamic model. Comput Geosci 36(6):735–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2009.07.012
Parhi PK, Sankhua RN, Roy GP (2012) Calibration of channel roughness for Mahanadi River, (India) using HEC-RAS model. J Water Resour Prot 04(10):847–850. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.410098
Price RK (1973) Flood routing methods for British rivers. Proc Inst Civ Eng (Lond) 55(Part 2):913–930. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1973.4147
Rath A, Samantaray S, Swain PC (2019) Discharge measurement in part of Hirakud Canal System, Odisha, India, using Chiu’s equation. J Inst Eng (India): Series A 100(3):479–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-019-00370-2
Roohi M, Soleymani K, Salimi M, Heidari M (2020) Numerical evaluation of the general flow hydraulics and estimation of the river plain by solving the Saint-Venant equation. Model Earth Syst Environ 6(2):645–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00718-9
Sathya A, Thampi SG, Chithra NR (2021) Development of a framework for sand auditing of the Chaliyar River basin, Kerala, India using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS model coupling. Int J River Basin Manage. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2021.1909604
SERAS (2016) Standard operating procedure: Sediment sampling. SERAS. U.S. EPA Contract EP-W-09-031.
Singh L, Saravanan S (2022) Adaptation of satellite-based precipitation product to study runoff and sediment of Indian River watersheds. Arab J Geosci 15(4):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09610-5
Singh VP, Cui H (2015) Entropy theory for streamflow forecasting. Environ Process 2(3):449–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-015-0080-8
Tarpanelli A, Barbetta S, Brocca L, Moramarco T (2013) River discharge estimation by using altimetry data and simplified flood routing modeling. Remote Sens 5(9):4145–4162. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5094145
USACE (2016) HEC-RAS river analysis system, Hydraulic reference manual, Version 5.0. US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Centre, Davis CA
Vyas JK, Perumal M, Moramarco T (2020) Discharge estimation using tsallis and shannon entropy theory in natural channels. Water (Switzerland) 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061786
Waikhom SI, Yadav SM (2017) Prediction of total load transport of an Indian alluvial river to estimate unmeasured bed load through an alternative approach. Curr Sci 113(6):1120–1128. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v113/i06/1120-1128
Waikhom SI, Yadav SM (2018) A total load approach to predict bed load transport of Indian alluvial river. ISH J Hydraul Eng 24(1):92–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2017.1354338
Wardman BG, Hall BR, Kramer CM (2009) One-dimensional modeling of sedimentation processes on the puyallup river. In: Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers. pp 3529–3538. https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)356
Xia R (1997) Relation between mean and maximum velocities in a natural river. J Hydraul Eng 123(8):720–723. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1997)123:8(720)
Yadav A, Satyannarayana P (2020) Multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization of artificial neural network for estimating suspended sediment yield in Mahanadi River basin, India. Int J River Basin Manage 18(2):207–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2019.1705317
Yadav A, Chatterjee S, Equeenuddin SM (2018) Prediction of suspended sediment yield by artificial neural network and traditional mathematical model in Mahanadi river basin, India. Sustain Water Resour Manage 4(4):745–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0160-1
Yang CT (1973) Incipient motion and sediment transport. ASCE J Hydraul Div 99(HY10):1679–1704. https://doi.org/10.1061/jyceaj.0003766
Zeleke T, Moussa AM, El-Manadely MS (2013) Prediction of sediment inflows to Angereb dam reservoir using the SRH-1D sediment transport model. Lakes Reserv Res Manag 18(4):366–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12047
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, for funding the research project.
Funding
This study is supported by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, with Grant Number: 28/1/2016-R&D/228-245.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The manuscript “Entropy-based flow and sediment routing in Data deficit river networks” is written by both the authors. Dr. Arindam Sarkar has planned the work, and the study is the part of the research project funded by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. Ms. Pooja Patel has collected and analysed the data. Further, both the authors are responsible for the interpretation of the results and writing the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
This work was funded by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, with Grant Number: 28/1/2016-R&D/228-245. The authors have no financial or non-financial interests to disclose and have followed the accepted principles of ethical and professional conduct. This study does not involve any human and animal participants.
Consent to Participate
No human and animal participants are involved.
Consent to Publish
The authors agreed with the content and gave their explicit consent to submit and publish the article.
Competing Interests
The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Patel, P., Sarkar, A. Entropy-Based Flow and Sediment Routing in Data Deficit River Networks. Water Resour Manage 36, 2757–2777 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03174-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03174-5