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Genetic variability in VP1 gene of infectious bursal disease virus from the field outbreaks of Kerala, India

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Abstract

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is considered as menace as it affects poultry industry globally causing immunosuppression, high mortality and heavy economic loss. Outbreaks of IBD were reported in many states of India including Kerala. VP1 gene acts as an important factor in the process of virus encapsidation and its involvement in viral virulence and viral replication indicates its importance in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The present study was conducted to carry out the molecular characterization of VP1 gene of virulent IBDV in Kerala. A total of 42 samples were processed for the detection and analysis of VP1 gene of IBDV. Out of 42 samples, 21 samples were positive for VP1 gene of IBD. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP1 gene sequences reveals the clustering of IBDV isolates into very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and non-virulent IBDV (vIBDV). Eighteen isolates (11 isolates from vaccinated flock and 7 from non-vaccinated flocks) clustered with very virulent strains. Three isolates (2 isolates were from vaccinated flock and 1 from non-vaccinated flock) clustered with non-virulent IBDV strains, showing more evolutionarily similarity to south Indian strain VCN14/ABT/MVC/India. It is observed that vvIBDV isolates from this study have common ancestor with the south Indian strain PY12 but showed 9–10% divergence from this strains. The amino acid analysis of these 21 isolates revealed that 17 isolates possessed the characteristic vvIBDV TDN amino acid triplet, while the three isolates had non-vIBDV NEG amino acid triplet at 145/146/147 position. The remaining isolate 1/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 shows unique PDN triplet instead of TDN. Two vvIBDV isolates (15/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 and 18/CVASP/IBDV/VP1) showed 100% nucleotide and amino acid similarity with intermediate plus vaccine strain. Four vvIBDV isolates showed neutral amino acid substitution K251R which was earlier reported in Indian strains but first time in south Indian isolates. The most common unique amino acid substitution observed in our study was neutral E269D amino acid substitution in 12 isolates, neutral amino acid substitution T329S in five isolates, neutral T174N and non-polar to polar amino acid substitution A178T in isolate 10/CVASP/IBDV/VP1, non-polar to polar amino acid substitution P360R in isolate 17/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 and non-polar to polar amino acid substitution P188S in isolate 1/CVASP/IBDV/VP1. These novel mutations in our study reveal the role of genetic drift in the evolution of vvIBDV strains. The isolate 2/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 from non-vaccinated flock shows VP1 gene of non-vIBDV, but possessing VP2 of vvIBDV type indicates this is evolved by genetic shift of segments A and B. This is the first genetic characterization study of field VP1 gene of IBDV isolates in Kerala, India.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Dean, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, for providing all the required facilities to carry out the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Thrissur, Kerala, India, 673576

    Chandankar Vaidehi Deorao, R. Rajasekhar, Chintu Ravishankar, D. Nandhakumar, K. Sumod, Koshy John & G. Chaithra

  2. Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Thrissur, Kerala, India, 673576

    Hamza Palekkodan

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  1. Chandankar Vaidehi Deorao
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  2. R. Rajasekhar
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  3. Chintu Ravishankar
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  4. D. Nandhakumar
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  5. K. Sumod
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  6. Hamza Palekkodan
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  7. Koshy John
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  8. G. Chaithra
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Contributions

1. C.V.D.: conducted the research work and wrote the manuscript.

2. R.R.: conceived and designed the research work.

3. C.R.: contributed in analysing and interpreting the molecular data.

4. N.D.: collected and processed the samples required in research work.

5. S.K.: contributed in analysing the data.

6. H.P.: contributed in collecting post-mortem samples for research work.

7. K.J.: approved the version to be published.

8. C.G.: contributed in drafting the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Rajasekhar.

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This study was performed per the guidelines for the care and use of animals by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, and the Animal Welfare Board of India.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Deorao, C.V., Rajasekhar, R., Ravishankar, C. et al. Genetic variability in VP1 gene of infectious bursal disease virus from the field outbreaks of Kerala, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 53, 407 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02852-7

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