Abstract
Hybrid syntactic foams with AlSi12 aluminium matrix were produced by pressure infiltration. The volume ratio of iron to ceramic hollow sphere reinforcement (in the same size range) was varied, and hybrid syntactic foams were also produced with bimodal size ceramic reinforcement. Previously, a very detailed analysis of the mechanical properties of the composites was made with quasi-static compression tests, and their tribological properties were investigated by pin-on-disc method in dry and lubricated conditions. The present article establishes and clarifies the correlations between mechanical and tribological properties. The coefficient of friction, height loss of the specimens and specific wear showed good correlation with different mechanical parameters, e.g. density, structural stiffness and yield strength. The established trends and correlations between mechanical and tribological behaviour enable a better understanding of materials design and selection for further applications of mechanically loaded sliding machine parts.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gupta, N., Rohatgi, K.P.: Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams, p. 352. DEStech Publications, Inc., Lancaster (2014). ISBN 978-1-932078-83-1
Luong, D.D., Strbik, O.M., Hammond, V.H., Gupta, N., Cho, K.: Development of high performance lightweight aluminum alloy/SiC hollow sphere syntactic foams and compressive characterization at quasi-static and high strain rates. J. Alloys Compd. 550, 412 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.171
Santa Maria, J.A., Schultz, B.F., Ferguson, J.B., Guptan, N., Rohatgi, P.K.: Effect of hollow sphere size and size distribution on the quasi-static and high strain rate compressive properties of Al-A380-Al2O3 syntactic foams. J. Mater. Sci. 49, 1267 (2014). doi:10.1007/s10853-013-7810-y
Rohatgi, P.K., Gupta, N., Schultz, B.F., Luong, D.D.: The synthesis, compressive properties, and applications of metal matrix syntactic foams. JOM 63(2), 36 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11837-011-0026-1
Luong, D.D., Gupta, N., Daoud, A., Rohatgi, P.K.: High strain rate compressive characterization of aluminum alloy/fly ash cenosphere composites. JOM 63(2), 53 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11837-011-0029-y
Luong, D.D., Gupta, N., Rohatgi, P.K.: The high strain rate compressive response of Mg–Al alloy/fly Ash cenosphere composites. JOM 63(2), 48 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11837-011-0028-z
Cox, J., Luong, D.D., Shunmugasamy, V.C., GuptaN, Strbik I.I.I.O.M., Cho, K.: Dynamic and thermal properties of aluminum alloy A356/silicon carbide hollow particle syntactic foams. Metals 4, 530 (2014). doi:10.3390/met4040530
Rabiei, A., Garcia-Avila, M.: Effect of various parameters on properties of composite steel foams under variety of loading rates. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 564, 539 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.108
Alvandi-Tabrizi, Y., Whisler, D.A., Kim, H., Rabiei, A.: High strain rate behavior of composite metal foam. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 631, 248 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.02.027
Alvandi-Tabrizi, Y., Rabiei, A.: Use of composite metal foam for improving absorption of collision forces. Procedia Mater. Sci. 4, 377 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.577
Taherishargh, M., Belova, I.V., Murch, G.E., Fiedler, T.: Low-density expanded perlite-aluminium syntactic foam. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 64, 127 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2014.03.003
Taherishargh, M., Belova, I.V., Murch, G.E., Fiedler, T.: On the mechanical properties of heat-treated expanded perlite–aluminium syntactic foam. Mater. Des. 63, 375 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.019
Taherishargh, M., Sulong, M.A., Belova, I.V., Murch, G.E., Fiedler, T.: On the particle size effect in expanded perlite aluminium syntactic foam. Mater. Des. 66, 294 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.073
Taherishargh, M., Belova, I.V., Murch, G.E., Fiedler, T.: Pumice/aluminium syntactic foam. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 635, 102 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.061
Fiedler, T., Taherishargh, M., Krstulović-Opara, L., Vesenjak, M.: Dynamic compressive loading of expanded perlite/aluminum syntactic foam. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 626, 296 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.032
Taherishargh, M., Vesenjak, M., Belova, I.V., Krstulović-Opara, L., Murch, G.E., Fiedler, T.: In situ manufacturing and mechanical properties of syntactic foam filled tubes. Mater. Des. 99, 356 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.077
Weise, J., Lehmhus, D., Baumeister, J., Kun, R., Bayoumi, M., Busse, M.: Production and properties of 316L stainless steel cellular materials and syntactic foams. Steel Res. Int. 85(3), 486 (2014). doi:10.1002/srin.201300131
Peroni, L., Scapin, M., Avalle, M., Weise, J., Lehmhus, D.: Dynamic mechanical behavior of syntactic iron foams with glass microspheres. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 522, 364 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2012.05.053
Lehmhus, D., Weise, J., Baumeister, J., Peroni, L., Scapin, M., Fichera, C., Avalle, M., Busse, M.: Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical performance of glass microsphere- and cenosphere-based 316L syntactic foams. Procedia Mater. Sci. 4, 383 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.578
Peroni, L., Scapin, M., Fichera, C., Lehmhus, D., Weise, J., Baumeister, J., Avalle, M.: Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of AISI 316L stainless steel syntactic foams at different strain-rates. Compos. Part B 66, 430 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.06.001
Castro, G., Nutt, S.R.: Synthesis of syntactic steel foam using gravity-fed infiltration. Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. 553, 89 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2012.05.097
Castro, G., Nutt, S.R.: Synthesis of syntactic steel foam using mechanical pressure infiltration. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 535, 274 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.12.084
Goel, M.D., Peroni, M., Solomos, G., Mondal, D.P., Matsagar, V.A., Gupta, A.K., Larcher, M., Marburg, S.: Dynamic compression behavior of cenosphere aluminum alloy syntactic foam. Mater. Des. 42, 418 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2012.06.013
Goel, M.D., Mondal, D.P., Yadav, M.S., Gupta, A.K.: Effect of strain rate and relative density on compressive deformation behavior of aluminum cenosphere syntactic foam. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 590, 406 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.048
Goel, M.D., Matsagar, V.A., Gupta, A.K., Marburg, S.: Strain rate sensitivity of closed cell aluminum fly ash foam. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23(4), 1080 (2013). doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62569-8
Xue, X.-B., Wang, L.-Q., Wang, M.-M., Lü, W.-J., Zhang, D.: Manufacturing, compressive behaviour and elastic modulus of Ti matrix syntactic foam fabricated by powder metallurgy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 22, 188 (2012). doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(12)61707-5
Xue, X.-B., Zhao, Y.: Ti matrix syntactic foam fabricated by powder metallurgy: particle breakage and elastic modulus. JOM 63(2), 43 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11837-011-0027-0
Orbulov, I.N., Májlinger, K.: Microstructural aspects of ceramic hollow microspheres reinforced metal matrix composites. Int. J. Mater. Res. 9, 903 (2013). doi:10.3139/146.110944
Kozma, I., Zsoldos, I., Dorogi, G., Papp, S.: Computer tomography based reconstruction of metal matrix syntactic foams. Period. Polytech. Mech. Eng. 58, 87 (2014). doi:10.3311/PPme.7337
Rohatgi, P.K., Guo, R.Q.: Mechanism of abrasive wear of Al–Si hypoeutectic alloycontaining 5 vol% fly ash. Tribol. Lett. 3, 339 (1997). doi:10.1023/a:1019109911923
Ramachandra, M., Radhakrishna, K.: Synthesis-microstructure-mechanical properties-wear and corrosion behavior of an Al–Si (12%): flyash metal matrix composite. J. Mater. Sci. 40, 5989 (2005). doi:10.1007/s10853-005-1303-6
Ramachandra, M., Radhakrishna, K.: Effect of reinforcement of flyash on sliding wear, slurry erosive wear and corrosive behavior of aluminium matrix composite. Wear 262, 1450 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.026
Mondal, D.P., Das, S., Jha, N.: Dry sliding wear behaviour of aluminum syntactic foam. Mater. Des. 30, 2563–2568 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2008.09.034
Uthayakumar, M., Kumaran, S.T., Aravindan, S.: Dry sliding friction and wear studies of fly ash reinforced AA-6351 metal matrix composites. Tribol, Adv (2013). doi:10.1155/2013/365602
Sudarshan, M.K.S.: Dry sliding wear of fly ash particle reinforced A356 Al composites. Wear 265, 349 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.wear.2007.11.009
Saravanan, V., Thyla, P.R., Balakrishnan, S.R.: The dry sliding wear of cenosphere-aluminum metal matrix composite. Adv. Compos. Lett. 23(3), 49 (2015)
Kumar, K.A.R., Balamurugan, K., Gnanaraj, D.: Hardness, tribology and microstructural studies on aluminium: flyash metal matrix composites. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 74(3), 165 (2015)
Kumar, V., Gupta, R.D., Batra, N.K.: Comparison of mechanical properties and effect of sliding velocity on wear properties of Al 6061, Mg 4%, fly ash and Al 6061, Mg 4%, graphite 4%, fly ash hybrid metal matrix composite. Procedia Mater. Sci. 6, 1365 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.116
Muthu, P., Rajesh, S.: Dry sliding wear behaviour of aluminum/sic/flyash hybrid metal matrix composites. J. Aust. Ceram. Soc. 52(1), 125 (2016)
Májlinger, K.: Wear properties of hybrid AlSi12 matrix syntactic foams. Int. J. Mater. Res. 106(11), 1165 (2015). doi:10.3139/146.111290
Májlinger, K., Bozóki, B., Kalácska, G., Keresztes, R., Zsidai, L.: Tribological properties of hybrid aluminum matrix syntactic foams. Tribol. Int. 99, 211 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2016.03.032
Kalácska, G.: An engineering approach to dry friction behaviour of numerous engineering plastics with respect to the mechanical properties. Exp. Polym. Lett. 7(2), 199 (2013). doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.18
http://hollomet.com/produkte.html. Accessed 10 Aug 2014
http://www.envirospheres.com/products_bl.asp. Accessed 10 March 2015
Jaegerand, H.M., Nagel, S.R.: Physics of the granular state. Science 255, 1523 (1992). doi:10.1126/science.255.5051.1523
Torquato, S., Truskett, T.M., Debenedetti, P.G.: Is random close packing of spheres well defined? Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2064 (2000). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.2064
Orbulov, I.N.: Metal matrix syntactic foams produced by pressure infiltration: the effect of infiltration parameters. Sci. Eng. A, Mater (2013). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2013.06.066
Májlinger, K., Orbulov, I.N.: Characteristic compressive properties of hybrid metal matrix syntactic foams. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 606, 248 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.msea.2014.03.100
Ashby, M.F., Evans, A.G., Fleck, N.A., Gibson, L.J., Hutchinson, J.W., Wadley, H.N.G.: Metal Foams: A Design Guide. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston (2010). ISBN 0750672196
Szlancsik, A., Katona, B., Májlinger, K., Orbulov, I.N.: Compressive behavior and microstructural characteristics of iron hollow sphere filled aluminum matrix syntactic foams. Materials 8(11), 7926 (2015). doi:10.3390/ma8115432
Bowden, F.P., Tabor, D.: Friction and Lubrication of Solids. Oxford University Press, London (1954). ISBN 9780198507772
Acknowledgements
This paper was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (L. Zsidai, Grant Number: BO/00127/13/6 and I.N. Orbulov, Grant Number: BO/00294/14).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Májlinger, K., Kalácska, G., Orbulov, I.N. et al. Global Approach of Tribomechanical Development of Hybrid Aluminium Matrix Syntactic Foams. Tribol Lett 65, 16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0798-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0798-0