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Heterogeneous Alkane Reactions over Nanoporous Catalysts

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Abstract

Pt-USY-712 (Si/Al = 6) and three SBA-15 catalysts (metal-loaded with 1 wt% Pt, 1 wt% Ni or 0.5 wt% Pt and 0.5 wt% Ni) were prepared and characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N\(_{2}\) adsorption porosimetry / BET and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalysts were then tested in the hydroisomerisation and hydrocracking of \(n\)-heptane using a micro-reactor at atmospheric pressure, and the products were analysed by GC-FID. Reaction temperatures ranged from 250–\(400\,\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) while the W/F values of \(n\hbox {-C}_{7}\) varied from 224.70–550.57 kg \(\hbox {mol}^{-1}\). The coke content of each catalyst was measured using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The catalytic activity was highest on Pt-USY-712 at the lowest reaction temperatures due to (a) the presence of strong Brønsted acids sites on the zeolite and (b) the smaller and more highly dispersed metal clusters on Pt-USY-712, relative to Pt-SBA-15. The activity was higher on the bimetallic Pt/Ni-SBA-15 than on mono-metallic Pt-SBA-15 as the co-impregnation of Ni with Pt enhanced the distribution of the metal clusters on the catalyst and resulted in improved surface area for reaction. The Pt-SBA-15 and Pt/Ni-SBA-15 catalysts both had the lowest and approximately equal coke percentages with 0.116 and 0.119 wt%, respectively.

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Abbreviations

A:

Arrhenius constant

BET:

Brunauer Emmett Teller

C:

Carbon number

Ea:

Activation energy

EDAX:

Energy dispersive X-ray analysis

F:

Mass flow rate

FID:

Flame ionisation detector

GC:

Gas chromatography

HC:

Hydrocarbon

ID:

Internal diameter

k:

Rate constant

M:

Mass

MW:

Molecular weight

p*:

Partial vapour pressure

\(\hbox {p}^{0}\) :

Saturated pressure

p:

Total pressure

R:

Gas constant

RF:

Reference factor

RON:

Research octane number

SD:

Standard derivation

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

T:

Temperature

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermo gravimetric analysis

USY:

Ultra stable Y 12

V:

Volume

Vm:

Volume adsorbed

VF:

Volumetric flow rate

W:

Weight of catalyst

WHSV:

Weight hourly space velocity

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Talib M. Albayati is grateful to the University of Technology, Baghdad for allowing postdoctoral leave and to Manchester Metropolitan University for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, 52 Alsinaa St., PO Box 35010, Baghdad, Iraq

    Talib M. N. Albayati

  2. School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    Sophie E. Wilkinson & Arthur A. Garforth

  3. Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester, M1 5GD, UK

    Aidan M. Doyle

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  1. Talib M. N. Albayati
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  2. Sophie E. Wilkinson
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  3. Arthur A. Garforth
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  4. Aidan M. Doyle
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Correspondence to Talib M. N. Albayati.

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Albayati, T.M.N., Wilkinson, S.E., Garforth, A.A. et al. Heterogeneous Alkane Reactions over Nanoporous Catalysts. Transp Porous Med 104, 315–333 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-014-0336-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-014-0336-1

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