Abstract
The correlation between solar irradiance and the 11-year solar activity cycle is evident in the body of measurements made from space, which extend over the past four decades. Models relating variation in solar irradiance to photospheric magnetism have made significant progress in explaining most of the apparent trends in these observations. There are, however, persistent discrepancies between different measurements and models in terms of the absolute radiometry, secular variation and the spectral dependence of the solar cycle variability. We present an overview of solar irradiance measurements and models, and discuss the key challenges in reconciling the divergence between the two.
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Notes
Nimbus-7/ERB denotes the Earth Radiation Budget instrument onboard Nimbus-7, SMM/ACRIM1 the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor onboard the Solar Maximum Mission and ERBS/ERBE the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment onboard the similarly named satellite.
The ACRIM radiometer onboard the ACRIM SATellite.
The Variability of IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations experiment onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.
IRMB is the francophone acronym of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium. This composite is also variously referred to as the RMIB or SARR composite.
The Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center.
SIM denotes the Spectral Irradiance Monitor, SOLSTICE the SOLar STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment, SUSIM the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor and UARS the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite.
The second generation Solar Backscatter UltraViolet spectrometer onboard the ninth National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite.
GOME is short for the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, ERS-2 the second European Remote Sensing satellite and ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY onboard the ENVIronmental SATellite.
SIM measurement from between 200 and 240 nm are not made publicly available in consideration of the fact that below about 260 nm, SIM observations start to register a lower signal-to-noise ratio than the concurrent observations from the SOLSTICE experiment onboard the same mission (J. Harder, private communication).
ISS/SOLSPEC denotes the SOLar SPECtrum experiment onboard the International Space Station and JPSS the Joint Polar Satellite System.
In full, the Kitt Peak Vacuum Telescope (KPVT), the Michelson Doppler Imager onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO/MDI)), and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/HMI).
VIRGO TSI is actually given by the combination of the measurements from two onboard radiometers, DIARAD and PMO6V. The solar cycle variation in the DIARAD and PMO6V records is nearly identical but they do differ at rotational timescales resulting in very different R 2 values on comparison with other measurements or models.
The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics.
IUP is the germanophone acronym of the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Yvonne Unruh for her help in preparing Fig. 7, and Ilaria Ermolli and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier for the helpful discussions. The authors are also grateful to the International Space Science Institute for their invitation to and tremendous hospitality over the ‘The Solar Activity Cycle: Physical Causes And Consequences’ workshop. Acknowledgment goes to the various individuals and teams responsible for the observations and models featured in this review. K.L.Y. is a postgraduate fellow of the International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science. This work is partly supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research under project 01LG1209A and the Ministry of Education of Korea through the BK21 plus program of the National Research Foundation, NRF.
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Yeo, K.L., Krivova, N.A. & Solanki, S.K. Solar Cycle Variation in Solar Irradiance. Space Sci Rev 186, 137–167 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0061-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0061-7