Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Parental Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Sexuality and Sex-Education of Their Children with Developmental Disabilities

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Sexuality and Disability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examined parents’ knowledge and attitudes about sexuality and sex education of their children with developmental disabilities (DD) in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, 46 conveniently sampled parents of children with DD responded to an online survey on knowledge of their children’s sexuality and their attitudes towards sex education. Findings from univariate analysis revealed that about 67% of parents have not given any form of sexual education to their children. However, 65% of parents in this study had good general knowledge about the sexuality of their children except for experiential topics (i.e., sexual feelings and experiences, including their sexual orientation (heterosexual/ gays and lesbians), and masturbation, but were generally positive about views of sex education for their children. Majority of the parents (82.6%) had not received any training on how to educate their children on sexuality matters to support and empower themselves and their children. These findings indicate that Ghanaian families rarely provide sex education for their children with DD, however, they perceive sex education as a positive and protective strategy for the reproductive and sexual health of their children with DD. Implications for the development of training programs that provides appropriate knowledge and skills related to sexual health are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ambikile, J.S., Outwater, A.: Challenges of caring for children with mental disorders: Experiences and views of caregivers attending the outpatient clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dares Salaam–Tanzania. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Mental Health 6(16), (2012)

  2. American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and Committee on Children With Disabilities. Assessment of maltreatment of children with disabilities. Pediatrics (2013)

  3. Aunos, M., Feldman, M.A.: Attitudes towards sexuality, sterilization and parenting rights of persons with intellectual disabilities. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 15(4), 285–296 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00135.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ballan, M.: Parents as sexuality educators for their children with developmental disabilities. SIECUS Rep. 29, 14–19 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ballan, M.S.: Parental perspectives of communication about sexuality in families of children with autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 42(5), 676–684 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1293-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baku, E.A., Agbemafle, I., Kotoh, A.M., Adanu, R.M.K.: Parents’ Experiences and Sexual Topics Discussed with Adolescents in the Accra Metropolis. A Qualitative Study. Advances in Public Health, Ghana (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5784902

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Bazzo, G., Nota, L., Soresi, S., Ferrari, L., Minnes, P.: Attitudes of social service providers towards the sexuality of individuals with intellectual disability. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 20, 110–115 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bernert, D.J., Ogletree, R.J.: Women with intellectual disabilities talk about their perceptions of sex. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 57, 240–249 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01529.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Berman, H., Harris, D., Enright, R., Gilpin, M., Cathers, T., Bukovy, G.: Sexuality and the adolescent with a physical disability: understandings and misunderstandings. Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs. 22(1), 183–196 (1999)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Borawska-Charko, M., Poul, R., Mick, W., Finaly, L.: The sexual health knowledge of people with intellectual disabilities: a review. Sex. Res. Soc. Policy 14, 393–409 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Botchway, A.T.: Parent and Adolescent Males’ Communication about Sexuality in the Context of HIV/AIDS – A study in the Eastern Region of Ghana (2004)

  12. Briggs, F.: Safety issues in the lives of children with learning disabilities. Soc. Policy J. N. Z. 29, 43–59 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chan, J., John, R.M.: Sexuality and sexual health in children and adolescents with autism. J. Nurse Pract. 8(4), 306–315 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2012.01.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cheng, M.M., Udry, J.R.: Sexual experiences of adolescents with low cognitive abilities in the U.S. J. Develop. Phys. Disabil. 17(2), 155–172 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cuskelly, M., Bryde, R.: Attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with an intellectual disability: parents, support staff, and a community sample. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 29(3), 255–264 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250412331285136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. DeLoach, C.P.: Attitudes toward disability: impact on sexual development and forging of intimate relationships. J. Appl. Rehabil. Couns. 25, 18–25 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dewinter, J., Vermeiren, R., Vanwesenbeeck, I., van Nieuwenhuizen, C.: Autism and normative sexual development: a narrative review. J. Clin. Nurs. 22(24), 467–483 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Di Giulio, G.: Sexuality and people living with physical or developmental disabilities: a review of key issues. Can. J. Hum. Sex. 12, 53–68 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Earle, S.: Disability, facilitated sex and the role of the nurse. J. Adv. Nurs. 36(3), 433–440 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01991.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Eisenberg, M., Madsen, N., Oliphant, J., Sieving, R.: Barriers to providing the sexuality education that teachers believe students need. J. Sch. Health 3, 335–342 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Esmail, S., Darry, K., Walter, A., Knupp, H.: Attitudes and perceptions towards disability and sexuality. Disabil. Rehabil. 32(14), 1148–1155 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3109/09638280903419277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Evans, D.S., McGuire, B.E., Healy, E., Carley, S.N.: Sexuality and personal relationships for people with an intellectual disability. Staff and family carer perspectives. J. Intell. Disab. Res. 53(11), 913–921 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01202.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Frankham, J.: Sexual antimonies and parent/child sex education: learning from foreclosure. Sexualities 9, 236–254 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Flores, D., Barroso, J.: 21st century parent–child sex communication in the United States: a process review. J. Sex Res. 54(4–5), 532–548 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1267693

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Ghana Education Service: School Health Education Programme: Policy Guidelines. Ghana Youth Reproductive Health Survey (2012)

  26. Gray, S.H., Wylie, M.Z., Bloom, R.B., Glader, L.: Reproductive health education received by young women with cerebral palsy. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 30(2), 286–287 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2017.03.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Greydanus, D.E., Omar, H.A.: Sexuality issues and gynecologic care of adolescents with developmental disabilities. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 55(6), 1315–1335 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Guilamo-Ramos, V., Dittus, P., Jaccard, J., Goldberg, V., Casillas, E., Bouris, A.: The content and process of mother-adolescent communication about sex in latino families. Soc. Work Res. 30, 169–181 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Gürol, A., Polat, S., Oran, T.: Views of mothers having children with intellectual disability regarding sexual education: a qualitative study. Sex. Disabil. 32(2), 123–133 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-014-9338-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hannah, L.A., Stagg, S.D.: Experiences of sex education and sexual awareness in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 46(12), 3678–3687 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2906-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hellemans, H., Colson, K., Verbracken, C., Vermeiren, R., Deboutte, D.: Sexual behavior in high-functioning male adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 37, 260–269 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0159-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Holland-Hall, C., Quint, E.H.: Sexuality and disability in adolescents. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 64(2), 435–449 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Holmes, L.G., Himle, M.B.: Brief report: parent-child sexuality communication and autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 44(11), 2946–2970 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Isler, A., Beytut, D., Tas, F., Conk, Z.: A study on sexuality with the parents of adolescents with intellectual disability. Sex. Disabil. 27, 229–237 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Jemta, L., Fugl-Meyer, K.S., Oberg, K.: On intimacy, sexual activities and exposure to sexual abuse among children and adolescents with mobility impairment. Acta Paediatr. 97(5), 641–646 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kanwetuu, V.P., Mokulogo, R.K., Azumah, F.D.: Understanding adolescents’ sexual behaviour in Ghana: information sources and their effects. Sex .Cult. 22, 942–961 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9509-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Karellou, J.: Parents’ attitudes towards the sexuality of people with learning disabilities in Greece. J. Develop. Disabil. 13(3) (2007)

  38. Kvam, M.H.: Is sexual abuse of children with disabilities disclosed? A retrospective analysis of child disability and the likelihood of sexual abuse among those attending Norwegian hospitals. Child Abuse Negl. 24(8), 1073–1084 (2000)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Leutar, Z., Mihokovic, M.: Level of knowledge about sexuality of people with mental disabilities. Sex. Disabil. 25, 93–109 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-007-9046-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Lesseliers, J., Van Hove, G.: Barriers to the development of intimate relationships and the expression of sexuality among people with developmental disabilities: their perceptions. Res. Pract. Persons Severe Disabil. 27, 69–81 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Löfgren-Mårtenson, L.: “I Want to Do It Right!” A Pilot Study of Swedish Sex education and young people with intellectual disabilities. Sex. Disabil. 30(2), 209–225 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. López, F.: Sex education of children. Pyramid (2005)

  43. Liu, W., Edwards, C.P.: Chinese parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices about sexuality education for adolescents in the family (2003)

  44. Martínez, J.L., Vicario-Molina, I., González, E., Ilabaca, P.: Sex education in Spain: the Relevance of Teachers’ Training and Attitudes. Infancia Y Aprendizaje 37(1), 117–148 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Matich-Maroney, J., Boyle, P.S., Crocker, M.M.: The psychosexual assessment and treatment continuum: a tool for conceptualizing the range of sexuality-related issues and support needs of individuals with developmental disabilities. Mental Health Aspects Develop. Disabil. 8, 77–90 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  46. McCann, E., Marsh, L., Brown, M.: People with intellectual disabilities, relationship and sex education programmes: a systematic review. Health Educ. J. 78(8), 885–900 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896919856047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. McElderry, D.H., Omar, H.A.: Sex education in the schools: What role does it play? Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health 15(1), 3–9 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2003.15.1.3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Menon, P., Sivakami, M.: Exploring parental perceptions and concerns about sexuality and reproductive health of their child with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) in Mumbai. Front. Sociol. 4(58), 1–13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2019.00058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Mehrabi, K.H., Portalier, S., Nasserzadeh, S.: Sexuality in deaf adolescent girls. J. Sex. Med. 12, 343 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Michielsen, K., Brockschmidt, L.: Barriers to sexuality education for children and young people with D in the WHO European Region: a scoping review. Sex Educ. 21(6), 674–692 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1851181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Morano, J.P.: Sexual abuse of the mentally retarded patient: medical and legal analysis for the primary care physician. J. Clin. Psychiatry 3(3), 126 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Murphy, N.A., Elias, E.R.: Sexuality of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. Pediatrics 118(1), 398–403 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Murphy, N., Young, P.C.: Sexuality in children and adolescents with disabilities. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 47(9), 640–644 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162205001258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Nichols, S., Blakeley-Smith, A.: “I’m not sure we’re ready for this…”: Working with families toward facilitating healthy sexuality for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Soc. Work. Ment. Health 8(1), 72–91 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/15332980902932383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Oti-Boadi, M.:. Exploring the Lived experiences of mothers of children with intellectual disability in Ghana. SAGE Open 1–12 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017745578

  56. Owusu, S.A.: Cultural and religious impediments against sex education. GNA J. (2012)

  57. Pecora, L.A., Mesibov, G.B., Stokes, M.A.: Sexuality in high-functioning autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 46, 3519–3556 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2892-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Pownall, J.D., Jahoda, A., Hastings, R.P.: Sexuality and sex education of adolescents with intellectual disability: mothers’ attitudes, experiences, and support needs. Intell. Develop. Disabil. 50, 140–154 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.2.140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Povilaitienė, N., Radzevičienė, L.: Sex education of Adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities in the educational and social environment: parents’ and teachers’ attitude. Spec. Educ. 2, 17–26 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pullins, L.G., Jones, J.D.: Parental knowledge of child sexual abuse symptoms. J. Child Sex. Abus. 15(4), 1–18 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ray, F., Marks, C., Bray-Garretson, H.: Challenges to treating adolescents with Asperger’s syndrome who are sexually abusive. Sex. Addict. Compuls. 11(4), 265–285 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Robinson, B.E., Bockting, W.O., Simon Rosser, B.R., Miner, M., Coleman, E.: The sexual health model: application of a sexological approach to HIV prevention. Health Educ. Res. 17(1), 43–57 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Rohleder, P.: Educators’ ambivalence and managing anxiety in providing sex education for people with learning disabilities. Psychodyn. Pract. 16, 165–182 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Rottenberg, R.: Caught inside a paradox: how cultural representations perpetuate disability stigma. Disabil. Represent. (2012)

  65. Reis, M.H.D.A., Vilar, D.G.R.: Validity of a scale to measure teachers’ attitudes towards sex education. Sex Educ. 6(02), 185–192 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Seidel, A., Wienholz, S., Michel, M., Luppa, M., Riedel-Heller, S.G.: Sexual knowledge among adolescents with physical handicaps: a systematic review. Sex. Disabil. 32(3), 429–441 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-013-9326-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Shah, S.: Disabled people are sexual citizens too: supporting sexual identity, well-being, and safety for disabled young people. Front. Educ. 2 (2017)

  68. Shtarkshall, R.A., Santelli, J.S., Hirsch, J.S.: Sex education and sexual socialization: roles for educators and parents. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health 39, 116–119 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sequeira, H., Howlin, P., Hollins, S.: Psychological disturbance associated with sexual abuse in people with learning disabilities. Br. J. Psychiatry 183, 451–456 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.5.451

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sedgh, G., Hussain, R.: Reasons for contraceptive non-use among women having unmet need for contraception in developing countries. Stud. Fam. Plann. 45(2), 151–169 (2014)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Simpson, A., Lafferty, A., McConkey, R.: Out of the shadows: a report on the sexual health and wellbeing of people with learning disabilities in Northern Ireland. Family Plann. Assoc. 112 (2006)

  72. Sinclair, J., Unruh, D., Lindstrom, L., Scanlon, D.: Barriers to sexuality for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a literature review. Educ. Train. Autism Develop. Disabil. 3–16 (2015)

  73. Stein, S., Kohut, T., Dillenburger, K.: The importance of sexuality education for children with and without intellectual disabilities: what parents think. Sex. Disabil. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-017-9513-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Swango-Wilson, A.: Caregiver perceptions and implications for sex education for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Sex. Disabil. 26, 167–174 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Swango-Wilson, A.: Perception of sex education for individuals with developmental and cognitive disability: a four cohort study. Sex. Disabil. 27(4), 223–228 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Tomsa, R., Gutu, S., Cojocaru, D.: Prevalence of sexual abuse in adults with intellectual disability: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Environ. Res. (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041980pmid

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. UNFPA. (2014). UNFPA Operational Guidance for Comprehensive Sexuality Education: A Focus on Human Rights and Gender. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pubpdf/UNFPA%20Operational%20Guidance%20for%20CSE%20-Final%20WEB%20Version.pdf

  78. UNFPA. (2018). Young Persons with Disabilities. Global Study on Ending Gender-based Violence and Realizing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Right. New York: UNFPA.

  79. UNFPA: UNFPA pioneers digital solutions to sexuality education as classes move online amid COVID-19 pandemic (2020). https://eeca.unfpa.org/en/news/unfpa-pioneers-digital-solutions-sexuality-education-classes-move-online-amid-covid-19-pandemic

  80. United Nations: Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disability (UNCRPD) (2006). https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-2.html

  81. United Nations: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). United Nations, New York (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Van der Put, C.E., Asscher, J.J., Wissink, I.B., Stams, G.J.J.M.: The relationship between maltreatment victimisation and sexual and violent offending: differences between adolescent offenders with and without intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 58(11), 979–991 (2014)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Viknesh, S.: Special needs children need sex education too. The Star (2021)

  84. Volkmar, F.R., Wiesner, E.A.: Healthcare for children on the autism spectrum: a guide to medical, nutritional, and behavioral issues. Semantic Scholar 40(12) (2004)

  85. Woodard, L.: Sexuality and disability. J. Fam. Pract. 6, 941–954 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cfp.2004.06.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Wade, H.A.: Discrimination, sexuality and people with significant disabilities: issues of access and the right to sexual expression in the United States. Disabil. Stud. Q. 22(4), 9–27 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Walker, J.: A qualitative study of parents’ experiences of providing sex education for their children: the implications for health education. Health Educ. J. 60, 132–146 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Walker-Hirsch, L.: The facts of life and more: sexuality and intimacy for people with intellectual disabilities (2007)

  89. Widman, L., Choukas-Bradley, S., Noar, S., Nesi, J., Garrett, K.: Parent-adolescent sexual communication and adolescent safer sex behavior. JAMA Pediatr. 170(1), 52 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2731

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. World Bank: The Changing Wealth of Nations 2021: Managing Assets for the Future. Washington, DC (2021)

  91. World Health Organisation: World Report on Disability 2011. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011). http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report.pdf

  92. World Health Organization: Defining Sexual Health: A Report of a Technical Consultation on Sexual Health. World Health Organization (WHO), pp. 28–31 (2006). http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/genderrights/sexualhealth/en/

Download references

Acknowledgements

We appreciate all parents who provided their consent to be part of this study.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana

    Mabel Oti-Boadi & S. Oppong

  2. Department of Psychology, Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA

    E. K. Malm

  3. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    N. Y. E. Dey

Authors
  1. Mabel Oti-Boadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. K. Malm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. Y. E. Dey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Oppong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: MO.; Methodology: MO, EM, N.E. Y. D. Analysis of data: N.E. Y. D., MO, EM. All authors were involved in the writing of the entire manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mabel Oti-Boadi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Standards

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Oti-Boadi, M., Malm, E.K., Dey, N.Y.E. et al. Parental Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Sexuality and Sex-Education of Their Children with Developmental Disabilities. Sex Disabil 41, 643–661 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-023-09797-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-023-09797-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation