Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rational design for enhancing sensitivity and robustness of a probe via encapsulation of carbon dots into a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for quantification of tetracycline in milk with greenness evaluation

  • Published:
Research on Chemical Intermediates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tetracycline (TC) is a vital class of broad-spectrum antibiotics widely employed. However, its extensive use raises associated concerns. Due to its persistent nature, there is a risk of trace amounts of TC contaminating food. The complex composition of food samples has sparked considerable interest in developing selective and sensitive TC sensors. Here, a novel sensing material, gCDs@ZIF-8, where ZIF-8 is a metal–organic framework composed of Zn2+ and 2-methylimidazole, was developed by incorporating fluorescent green carbon dots (gCDs) into the ZIF-8 for TC detection. Consequently, the synthesized gCDs exhibited green emission and a specific response to tetracycline. The incorporation of gCDs into ZIF-8 enhances sensitivity, making it a valuable probe for the quantification of TC. The detection limit for gCDs alone was 0.42 µM, and when encapsulated in ZIF-8, the sensitivity increased, resulting in a limit of detection of 157 nM. Quantifying tetracycline in milk samples demonstrated spike recoveries ranging from 95 to 105 percent. The assay displayed excellent precision, with a relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) of less than 2% at each concentration point. The robustness and ruggedness of the assay were evident through the probe's stable shelf life, water stability, and a broad working pH range. Validation tests confirmed the gCDs@MOF-based sensing system's capability to detect tetracycline in various sample matrices. The method's environmental friendliness was assessed using three metric tools (AGREE, AGREEprep, and the Complex GAPI), all confirming its superior eco-friendliness.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. C. Shi, H. Qi, R. Ma, Z. Sun, L. Xiao, G. Wei, Z. Huang, S. Liu, J. Li, M. Dong, J. Fan, Z. Guo, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 105, 110132 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. C. Li, L. Zhu, W. Yang, X. He, S. Zhao, X. Zhang, W. Tang, J. Wang, T. Yue, Z. Li, J. Agric. Food Chem. 67, 1277 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. J.H. Qin, Y.D. Huang, M.Y. Shi, H.R. Wang, M. Le Han, X.G. Yang, F.F. Li, L.F. Ma, RSC Adv. 10, 1439 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Y. Yang, H. Huang, X. Wang, L. Zhang, A. Hao, Z. Shi, C. Dai, A.C.S. Appl, Nano Mater. 3, 9796 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  5. F. Qu, Z. Sun, D. Liu, X. Zhao, J. You, Microchim. Acta 183, 2547 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. Jeong, I. Rhee Paeng, Sci. World J. 2012, 159456 (2012)

  7. Y.M. Hsiao, J.L. Ko, C.C. Lo, J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1669 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. A.L. Cinquina, F. Longo, G. Anastasi, L. Giannetti, R. Cozzani, J. Chromatogr. A 987, 227 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. L. Huang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Anal. Chim. Acta 1044, 119 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. K.F. Kayani, C.N. Abdullah, J. Fluoresc. 2024

  11. K.F. Kayani, O.B.A. Shatery, M.S. Mustafa, A.H. Alshatteri, S.J.M. De, S.B. Aziz, RSC Adv. 14, 5012 (2024)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Zheng, S. Wang, R. Li, L. Pan, L. Li, Z. Qi, C. Li, Res. Chem. Intermed. 47, 2421 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S.N. Baker, G.A. Baker, Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed. 49, 6726 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. C. Xia, S. Zhu, T. Feng, M. Yang, B. Yang, Adv. Sci. 2019, 6.

  15. B. Polatoğlu, E. Bozkurt, Res. Chem. Intermed. 47, 1865–1881 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. L. Liu, M. Qian, H. Sun, Z. quan Yang, L. Xiao, X. Gong, Q. Hu, J. Food Compos. Anal. 107, 104374 (2022)

  17. H. Li, Z. Kang, Y. Liu, S.T. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 24230 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Zhao, Z. Chen, C. Zhao, N. Gao, J. Ren, X. Qu, Carbon N. Y. 85, 309 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Q. Hu, Y. Cui, L. Zhang, M. Qian, L. Xiao, M. Yang, Z.Q. Yang, S. Rao, X. Gong, J. Han, J. Food Compos. Anal. 102, 104032 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Chahal, J.R. Macairan, N. Yousefi, N. Tufenkji, R. Naccache, RSC Adv. 11, 25354 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Shi, Y. Su, L. Zhang, M. Huang, R. Liu, S. Zhao, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 8, 10717 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. F.T. Wang, L.N. Wang, J. Xu, K.J. Huang, X. Wu, Analyst 146, 4418 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. J. Yu, J. Lei, L. Wang, C. Guillard, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, M. Anpo, Res. Chem. Intermed. 45, 4237 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. K.W. Chu, S.L. Lee, C.J. Chang, L. Liu, Polymers (Basel). 11, 1 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  25. S. Zhao, L. Huang, Y. Xie, B. Wang, F. Wang, M. Lan, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 37, 97–104 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. E. Liu, D. Li, X. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Xiao, D. Zhou, P. Tian, R. Guo, S. Qu, A.C.S. Sustain, Chem. Eng. 7, 9301–9308 (2019)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. K.F. Kayani, K.M. Omer, New J. Chem. 46, 8152–8161 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. H.C.J. Zhou, S. Kitagawa, Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 5415–5418 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Y. Lee, J.S. Lee, C.C. Kao, J.H. Yoon, T. Vogt, Y. Lee, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 16119–16126 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J. Wang, Y. Fan, H.W. Lee, C. Yi, C. Cheng, X. Zhao, M. Yang, A.C.S. Appl, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1, 3747 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. L. Luo, L. Huang, X. Liu, W. Zhang, X. Yao, L. Dou, X. Zhang, Y. Nian, J. Sun, J. Wang, Inorg. Chem. 58, 11382 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. S.E. Miller, M.H. Teplensky, P.Z. Moghadam, D. Fairen-Jimenez, Interface Focus 6, 1 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. K.F. Kayani, N.N. Mohammad, D.A. Kader, S.J. Mohammed, ChemistrySelect 8, 202303472 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Maurin, C. Serre, A. Cooper, G. Férey, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 3104–3107 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. H. Furukawa, K.E. Cordova, M. O’Keeffe, O.M. Yaghi, Science (80-.) 341, 1 (2013).

  36. A.H. Chughtai, N. Ahmad, H.A. Younus, A. Laypkov, F. Verpoort, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 6804 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. P. Deria, D.A. Gómez-Gualdrón, I. Hod, R.Q. Snurr, J.T. Hupp, O.K. Farha, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 14449 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. T. Rodenas, I. Luz, G. Prieto, B. Seoane, H. Miro, A. Corma, F. Kapteijn, F. X. Llabrés I Xamena, J. Gascon, Nat. Mater. 14, 48 (2015).

  39. I. Spanopoulos, C. Tsangarakis, E. Klontzas, E. Tylianakis, G. Froudakis, K. Adil, Y. Belmabkhout, M. Eddaoudi, P.N. Trikalitis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 1568 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Q. Fang, J. Wang, S. Gu, R.B. Kaspar, Z. Zhuang, J. Zheng, H. Guo, S. Qiu, Y. Yan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 8352 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. F.Y. Yi, J.P. Li, D. Wu, Z.M. Sun, Chem. - A Eur. J. 21, 11475 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Y. Li, Y. Wang, P. Du, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, X. Lu, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 358, 131526 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. X. Xing, L. Huang, S. Zhao, J. Xiao, M. Lan, Microchem. J. 157, 105065 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Y. Yan, J.H. Liu, R.S. Li, Y.F. Li, C.Z. Huang, S.J. Zhen, Anal. Chim. Acta 1063, 144 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. D. Fairen-Jimenez, S.A. Moggach, M.T. Wharmby, P.A. Wright, S. Parsons, T. Düren, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 8900 (2011)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. X. Lin, G. Gao, L. Zheng, Y. Chi, G. Chen, Anal. Chem. 86, 1223 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. L. Xu, G. Fang, J. Liu, M. Pan, R. Wang, S. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 15880 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S.J. Mohammed, K.M. Omer, F.E. Hawaiz, RSC Adv. 13, 14340 (2023)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. S.J. Mohammed, F.E. Hawaiz, S.B. Aziz, S.H. Al-Jaf, Opt. Mater. (Amst). 149, 1 (2024)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. A. Sultana, M. W. Siddiqui, K. K. Gaikwad, Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 1–5 (2022)

  51. S. Rajkumar, R. Subha, S. Gowri, A. Bella, J.P. Merlin, Ionics (Kiel). 28, 859 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. H. Guo, X. Wang, N. Wu, M. Xu, M. Wang, L. Zhang, W. Yang, Anal. Methods 12, 4058 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. L. Shi, T. Wang, H. Zhang, K. Chang, X. Meng, H. Liu, J. Ye, Adv. Sci. 2, 1 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. A. Bermejo-López, S. Carrasco, P.J. Tortajada, K.P.M. Kopf, A. Sanz-Marco, M.S. Hvid, N. Lock, B. Martín-Matute, A.C.S. Sustain, Chem. Eng. 9, 14405 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  55. A. Schaate, P. Roy, A. Godt, J. Lippke, F. Waltz, M. Wiebcke, P. Behrens, Chem. - A Eur. J. 17, 6643 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Y. Zhang, Y. Jia, M. Li, L. Hou, Sci. Rep. 8, 1 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  57. A. Schejn, L. Balan, V. Falk, L. Aranda, G. Medjahdi, R. Schneider, CrystEngComm 16, 4493 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. R. Oozeerally, S.D.K. Ramkhelawan, D.L. Burnett, C.H.L. Tempelman, V. Degirmenci, Catalysts 9, 812 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. S. Chen, Y.L. Yu, J.H. Wang, Anal. Chim. Acta 999, 13 (2018)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. A.H. Malik, P.K. Iyer, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 9, 4433 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. C.A. Kent, D. Liu, L. Ma, J.M. Papanikolas, T.J. Meyer, W. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 12940 (2011)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. P.M. Stanley, J. Warnan, Energies 14, 4260 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. T. Wiwasuku, A. Chuaephon, T. Puangmali, RSC Adv. 13, 10384 (2023)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Q. Liu, D. Ning, W.J. Li, X.M. Du, Q. Wang, Y.L. And, W.J. Ruan, Analyst 144, 1916 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. T. Zhu, L. Cao, X. Kou, Y. Liu, W. Dong, 33761 (2022).

  66. X. Liu, Q. Ma, X. Feng, R. Li, X. Zhang, Microchem. J. 170, 106714 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. T. Lu, L. Zhang, M. Sun, D. Deng, Y. Su, Y. Lv, Anal. Chem. 88, 3413 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Y. Wei, Y. Xia, RSC Adv. 10, 24764 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. V. Ponce, M. Cina, L. Carlos, Foods 2023, 12 (1828)

    Google Scholar 

  70. W. Wojnowski, Green Chem. 23, 8657 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. F. Pena-pereira, W. Wojnowski, M. Tobiszewski, Anal. Chem. 92, 10076 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. F. Pena-pereira, M. Tobiszewski, W. Wojnowski, E. Psillakis, Adv. Sample Prep. 3, 100025 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to the Departments of Chemistry at both the University of Sulaimani and Charmo University for all of their cooperation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan St, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, 46002, Iraq

    Omer B. A. Shatery, Kawan F. Kayani & Muhammad S. Mustafa

  2. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Charmo University, Peshawa Street, Chamchamal/ Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, 46023, Iraq

    Kawan F. Kayani

  3. Anesthesia Department, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, 46001, Iraq

    Sewara J. Mohammed

  4. Research and Development Center, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Regional Government, 46001, Iraq

    Sewara J. Mohammed

  5. Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

    Kawan F. Kayani

Authors
  1. Omer B. A. Shatery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kawan F. Kayani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad S. Mustafa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sewara J. Mohammed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

O.B.A. and K.F.K. contributed to conceptualization, software, formal analysis, validation, investigation, and writing (original draft) M.S.M contributed to conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, and sample collections. S.J.M. contributed to conceptualization, software, formal analysis, validation, investigation, and supervision

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kawan F. Kayani.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shatery, O.B.A., Kayani, K.F., Mustafa, M.S. et al. Rational design for enhancing sensitivity and robustness of a probe via encapsulation of carbon dots into a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for quantification of tetracycline in milk with greenness evaluation. Res Chem Intermed 50, 2291–2306 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-024-05271-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-024-05271-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation