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Metabolic profiling of benzoxazinoids in the roots and rhizosphere of commercial winter wheat genotypes

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Abstract

Background and objectives

Integrated weed management in commercial wheat production is urgently needed due to increasing herbicide resistance and production costs. Benzoxazinoids (BXs), which include benzoxazinones and benzoxazolinones, are unique bioactive metabolites produced by certain members of the Poaceae including maize, wheat, rye and some dicots. BXs play important roles in plant defence and are causal agents of allelopathic interference. We investigated the role of genetics, environment and crop growth stage on BX abundance in the roots and rhizoplane of selected commercial wheat cultivars, and quantified their microbial transformation products (aminophenoxazinones) in roots and rhizosphere soils.

Methods

Cultivar trials of competitive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were conducted in two moderate to low rainfall (449–572 mm) locations in southeastern Australia in 2015 and 2016. Replicated shoot, root, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere soil samples were collected for metabolic profiling at selected crop phenological stages, extracted and further analysed for known benzoxazinoid metabolites by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry.

Results

Fifteen BXs and related microbially derived aminophenoxazinones were detected in wheat shoots, roots, rhizoplanes and rhizosphere soils in both years and locations. MBOA, HMBOA and HMBOA-Glc were the three most abundant BX metabolites in wheat tissues, with the heritage cultivar Federation producing the highest levels of MBOA. The phytotoxic aminophenoxazinones APO and AMPO were the most abundant BX microbial transformation products and were detected in wheat roots, rhizoplanes and rhizospheres. Abundance varied with cultivar, growth stage, location and year.

Conclusions

Microbially-produced aminophenoxazinones generated from both heritage and modern wheat root exudates were detected and quantified in rhizosphere soils, with abundance dependent on cultivar, growth stage, and season. Concentrations of microbial metabolites APO, AMPO, and AAPO were higher in the rhizosphere of young wheat seedlings in contrast to that of mature plants suggesting that phenoxazinone production was upregulated early in the season. Our findings demonstrate that BX metabolites at all life stages of wheat potentially undergo rapid biotransformation to aminophenoxazinones under field conditions, resulting in ecologically relevant concentrations sufficient for weed suppression by certain wheat cultivars.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge a) the financial support of the Grains Research and Development Corporation to Charles Sturt University (Projects UCS 00020, 00022, and 00023) b) Prof. Inge S. Fomsgaard, Aarhus University, Denmark for providing chemical standards for certain BXs and soil microbial metabolites (aminophenoxazinones), c) technical support of Graeme Heath, Dom Skoneczny, Xiaocheng Zhu, Saliya Gurusinghe, Razia Shaik, Mr Vincent West and Mr Jack Wess with respect to field sampling, data collection, extraction and analyses d) Mrs Bente Laursen, Aarhus University, Denmark for technical support in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and e) J Mwendwa’s advisory committee members including J Quinn for their advice and encouragement over the course of thesis completion.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia

    James M. Mwendwa, Paul A. Weston, Saliya Gurusinghe & Leslie A. Weston

  2. Department of Chemistry, Geology and Physics, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA

    Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer

  3. Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark

    Inge S. Fomsgaard

  4. Department of Primary Industries, Weed Research Unit, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia

    Hanwen Wu

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  1. James M. Mwendwa
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Mwendwa, J.M., Weston, P.A., Weidenhamer, J.D. et al. Metabolic profiling of benzoxazinoids in the roots and rhizosphere of commercial winter wheat genotypes. Plant Soil 466, 467–489 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04996-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04996-9

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