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Irregular xylem 7 (IRX7) is required for anchoring seed coat mucilage in Arabidopsis

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Abstract

Large quantities of mucilage are synthesized in seed coat epidermis cells during seed coat differentiation. This process is an ideal model system for the study of plant cell wall biosynthesis and modifications. In this study, we show that mutation in Irregular Xylem 7 (IRX7) results in a defect in mucilage adherence due to reduced xylan biosynthesis. IRX7 was expressed in the seeds from 4 days post-anthesis (DPA) to 13 DPA, with the peak of expression at 13 DPA. The seed coat epidermis cells of irx7 displayed no aberrant morphology during differentiation, and these cells synthesized and deposited the same amount of mucilage as did wild type (WT) cells. However, the distribution of the water-soluble vs. adherent mucilage layers was significantly altered in irx7 compared to the WT. Both the amount of xylose and the extent of glycosyl linkages of xylan was dramatically decreased in irx7 water-soluble and adherent mucilage compared to the WT. The polymeric structure of water-soluble mucilage was altered in irx7, with a total loss of the higher molecular weight polymer components present in the WT. Correspondingly, whole-seed immunolabeling assays and dot-immunoassays of extracted mucilage indicated dramatic changes in rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) and xylan epitopes in irx7 mucilage. Furthermore, the crystalline cellulose content was significantly reduced in irx7 mucilage. Taken together, these results indicate that xylan synthesized by IRX7 plays an essential role in maintaining the adhesive property of seed coat mucilage, and its structural role is potentially implemented through its interaction with cellulose.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Prof. Michael G. Hahn (Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, USA) and Prof. J. Paul Knox (Center for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom) for kindly providing a series of monoclonal antibodies.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31370328), the National Key Technology Support Program of China (2013BAD22B01), the Qingdao Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project (11-2-4-88-jch), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS (2014187), and the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong (to G.Z.).

Author contributions

RBH performed the mucilage phenotypic analysis, in-situ hybridization, immunolabeling and dot blotting analysis, participated in the conception of the study, data analysis, and draft of the manuscript. JLL cooperate with RBH in the immunolabeling, dot blotting, and monosaccharide composition analysis. XWY assisted in the growing of plants and extraction of seed mucilage. XZ assisted in the in situ hybridization and immunoassay. XYW performed the qRT-PCR analysis and monosaccharide composition analysis. QT performed the linkage analysis and macromolecular characterization. GH helped in the plant growth maintenance and data analysis. GKZ conceived the study and revised the manuscript. YZK helped in the discussion and revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People’s Republic of China

    Ruibo Hu, Junling Li, Xuanwen Yang, Xun Zhao, Xiaoyu Wang, Qi Tang, Guo He & Gongke Zhou

  2. Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, 266101, People’s Republic of China

    Yingzhen Kong

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  1. Ruibo Hu
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Correspondence to Gongke Zhou or Yingzhen Kong.

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Hu, R., Li, J., Yang, X. et al. Irregular xylem 7 (IRX7) is required for anchoring seed coat mucilage in Arabidopsis . Plant Mol Biol 92, 25–38 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-016-0493-4

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