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Gmelina asiatica: exploring traditional uses, pharmacological insights, and phytoconstituents—a comprehensive review (1961–2023)

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Abstract

Gmelina asiatica is one of medicinal plants that is famous in traditional medicines. It is known as Asian bushbeech under the family Lamiaceae. Gmelina asiatica is widely used in Indian folklore to treat many illnesses and disorders, such as treatment of jaundice, hemorrhoids, dysuria, arthritis, edema, liver diseases, neurological disorders, fever, heart diseases, dandruff, skin infections, acne, diabetes mellitus, catarrh of the bladder, syphilis, as antiseptic, astringent, demulcent, contraceptive and blood purifier. As well as, there are various reports on the pharmacological activities of this plant that scientifically support some of its traditional uses. These activities have been shown to include anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antipyretic, nematicidal, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and analgesic activity. Gmelina asiatica is rich in furofuran lignans and flavonoids and contains many other secondary and primary metabolites, but only a few studies have been conducted to identify and isolate its phytoconstituents. The current review aims to provide the published information on Gmelina asiatica, its features, traditional uses, ethnobotanical uses by different tribes, pharmacological activities, and reported phytoconstituents, from 1961 to September 2023, which was collected from books and online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library.

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Abbreviations

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

APG:

Angiosperm phylogeny group

AST:

Aspartate transaminase

BHT:

Butylated hydroxytoluene

CAT:

Catalase

CBC:

Complete blood count

CCL4 :

Carbon tetrachloride

CMC-Na:

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl

EPM:

Elevated plus maze

FTC:

Ferric thiocyanate

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

G. arborea :

Gmelina arborea

G. asiatica :

Gmelina asiatica

g.b.w:

Gram of body weight

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

GSH:

Glutathione

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

i.p.:

Intraperitoneal injection

MCF-7:

Michigan cancer foundation-7

MDA-MB-231:

MD Anderson-metastatic breast 231

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

OECD:

Organisation for economic co-operation and development

P.O.:

Per oral

ppm:

Parts per million

QE:

Quercetin equivalent

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

STDs:

Sexually transmitted diseases

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

UHPLC–HRMS:

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy

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Acknowledgements

The author Rasha Ksirri acknowledges Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India, Damascus University, Syria and Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), India for providing a scholarship. We extend our gratitude to Dr. V. Chelladurai, Professor (Retired) from the Department of Botany, Medicinal Plant Survey for Siddha, for his assistance in identifying the plant and providing the accompanying pictures.

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India

    Rasha Ksirri, Kancharla Bhanukiran & Siva Hemalatha

  2. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic

    Rasha Ksirri & Mays Khazem

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  1. Rasha Ksirri
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RK: design, literature review, writing, and editing-original manuscript. MK: reviewed, and provided critical comments. KB: reviewed, edited, and provided critical comments, SH: design, supervision, review, and editing.

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Correspondence to Siva Hemalatha.

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Ksirri, R., Khazem, M., Bhanukiran, K. et al. Gmelina asiatica: exploring traditional uses, pharmacological insights, and phytoconstituents—a comprehensive review (1961–2023). Phytochem Rev (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-024-09951-x

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