Abstract
Environmental pollution by antibiotics poses a potential ecological risk to aquatic photosynthetic organisms. In the present study, toxic effects of erythromycin on PSI and PSII were investigated in cyanobacteria culture medium of Microcystis aeruginosa. The activity and electron transport of both photosystems were affected by erythromycin in a concentrationdependent manner. The quantum yield of PSII (YII) was reduced at 0.1 mg L−1 of erythromycin, while the quantum yield of PSI (YI) significantly decreased at concentration of 5–25 mg L−1. The decline of YII was accompanied by an increase of nonregulated energy dissipation (YNO). At 10 mg L−1 of erythromycin, YII decreased by 55%, while YNO increased by 18%. The decrease of YI induced by erythromycin was caused by donor-side limitation of PSI (YND). YND was markedly enhanced with elevated erythromycin concentration. At 10 mg L−1 of erythromycin, YI and YNA (PSI acceptor-side limitation) decreased by 8 and 82%, respectively, while YND rose by 314%. The quantum yield of cyclic electron flow increased significantly at 0.1–1 mg L−1 of erythromycin; it decreased but remained higher than that of the control at 5–25 mg L−1 of erythromycin. The contribution of cyclic electron flow to YI, and to linear electron flow rose significantly with the increasing erythromycin concentration. The maximum values of electron transport rates in PSII and PSI decreased by 71 and 24.3%, respectively, at 25 mg L−1 of erythromycin. Compared with the untreated control, the light saturation of PSII and PSI decreased significantly with increasing erythromycin concentration. We showed that concentrations of erythromycin ≥ 5 mg L−1 could exert acute toxicity to cyanobacteria, whereas the chronic toxicity caused by concentrations of ng or μg L−1 needs further research.
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Abbreviations
- CEF:
-
cyclic electron flow
- ETR:
-
electron transport rate
- ETRI :
-
electron transport rate in PSI
- ETRII :
-
electron transport rate in PSII
- ETRmax(I) :
-
the maximum electron transport rate in PSI
- ETRmax(II) :
-
the maximum electron transport rate in PSII
- I k(I) :
-
the light saturation of PSI
- I k(II) :
-
the light saturation of PSII
- LEF:
-
linear electron flow
- NPQ:
-
nonphotochemical quenching
- RLC:
-
rapid light curves
- YCEF :
-
the quantum yield of cyclic electron flow
- YCEF/YI :
-
the contribution of cyclic electron flow to YI
- YCEF/YII :
-
the ratio of the quantum yield of CEF to LEF
- YI :
-
effective photochemical quantum yield of PSI
- YII :
-
the effective photochemical quantum yield of PSII
- YII/YI :
-
the distribution of quantum yield between two photosystems
- YNA :
-
nonphotochemical energy dissipation due to acceptor-side limitation
- YND :
-
nonphotochemical energy dissipation due to donor-side limitation
- YNO :
-
nonregulated energy dissipation
- YNPQ :
-
regulated energy dissipation
- α I :
-
the initial slope of RLC of ETRI
- α II :
-
the initial slope of RLC of ETRII
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Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Program of 100 Distinguished Young Scientists of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (U1120302), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21177127, 21467031) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20125303120003). We are grateful to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.
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Deng, C.N., Zhang, D.Y. & Pan, X.L. Toxic effects of erythromycin on photosystem I and II in Microcystis aeruginosa . Photosynthetica 52, 574–580 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-014-0063-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-014-0063-4