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Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue

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Abstract

The epidemic of overweight and obesity underlies many common metabolic diseases. Approaches aimed to reduce energy intake and/or stimulate energy expenditure represent potential strategies to control weight gain. Adipose tissue is a major energy balancing organ. It can be classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). While WAT stores excess metabolic energy, BAT dissipates it as heat via adaptive thermogenesis. WAT also participates in thermogenesis by providing thermogenic fuels and by directly generating heat after browning. Browned WAT resembles BAT morphologically and metabolically and is classified as beige fat. Like BAT, beige fat can produce heat. Human adults have BAT-like or beige fat. Recruitment and activation of this fat type have the potential to increase energy expenditure, thereby countering against obesity and its metabolic complications. Given this, agents capable of inducing WAT browning have recently attracted broad attention from biomedical, nutritional and pharmaceutical societies. In this review, we summarize natural bioactive compounds that have been shown to promote beige adipocyte recruitment and activation in animals and cultured cells. We also discuss potential molecular mechanisms for each compound to induce adipose browning and metabolic benefits.

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Abbreviations

AMPK:

5’ AMP-activated protein kinase

ArtC:

Artepillin C

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BMPs:

Bone morphogenetic proteins

C3G:

Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside

CPT1α:

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1α

Dio2:

Iodothyronine Deiodinase 2

Elovl3:

ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 3

EPI:

(−)-Epicatechin

eWAT:

Epididymal white adipose tissue

FGF21:

Fibroblast growth factor 21

GTC:

Green tea catechins

HFD:

High-fat diet

iWAT:

Inguinal subcutaneous WAT

LCA:

Lithocholic acid

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NE:

Norepinephrine

PDEs:

Phosphodiesterases

PGC-1α:

PPARγ co-activator-1α

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

PRDM16:

PR domain zinc finger protein 16

RSV:

Resveratrol

SIRT1:

Sirtuin-1

SVCs:

Stromal vascular cells

Tbx1:

T-Box Transcription Factor 1

Tfam:

Mitochondrial transcription factor A

TG:

Triglyceride

TMEM26:

Transmembrane protein 26

TRPM8:

Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 8

TRPV1:

Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1

UCP-1:

Uncoupling protein-1

WAT:

White adipose tissue

β3-AR:

Beta-3 adrenergic receptor

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  1. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Youngshim Choi & Liqing Yu

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  1. Youngshim Choi
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  2. Liqing Yu
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Correspondence to Liqing Yu.

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Choi, Y., Yu, L. Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue. Pharm Res 38, 549–567 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-021-03027-7

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