Abstract
The high-temperature oxidation behavior of a new family of refractory high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with compositions of W–Mo–Cr–Ti–Al, Nb–Mo–Cr–Ti–Al and Ta–Mo–Cr–Ti–Al was studied at 1000 and 1100 °C. Based on these equimolar starting compositions, the main incentive of this study was to select the most promising alloy system whose properties may then be successively improved. Despite the high amount of refractory elements, Ta–Mo–Cr–Ti–Al showed good oxidation resistance at 1000 and 1100 °C. Moderate values of mass gain and complex oxidation kinetics were observed for the W- and Nb-containing HEAs. These alloys formed inhomogeneous oxide scales possessing regions with thick and porous layers as well as areas revealing quite thin oxide scales due to the formation of discontinuous Cr- and Al-rich scales. The most promising behavior was shown by the alloy Ta–Mo–Cr–Ti–Al which followed the parabolic rate law for oxide growth due to the formation of a thin and compact Al-rich layer.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. H. Perepezko, Science 326, 1068 (2009).
R. Syre, Niobium, Molybdenum, Tantalum and Tungsten: A Summary of Their Properties with Recommendation for Research and Development (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Advisory Group For Aeronautical Research and Development, 1961).
L. Huang, X. F. Sun, H. R. Guang, and Z. Q. Hu, Oxidation of Metals 65, 391 (2006).
B. P. Bewlay, M. R. Jackson, and H. A. Lipsitt, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27A, 3801 (1996).
M. Azim, D. Schliephake, C. Hochmuth, B. Gorr, H.-J. Christ, U. Glatzel, and M. Heilmaier, Journal of Minerals 57, 2621 (2015).
J. W. Yeh, Y. L. Chen, S. J. Lin, and S. K. Chen, Materials Science Forum 560, 1 (2007).
O. N. Senkov, C. Woodward, and D. B. Miracle, Journal of Minerals 66, 2030 (2014).
O. N. Senkov, S. V. Senkova, D. M. Dimiduk, C. Woodward, and D. B. Miracle, Journal of Materials Science 47, 6522 (2012).
C. M. Liu, H. M. Wang, S. Q. Zhang, H. B. Tang, and A. L. Zhang, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 583, 162 (2014).
B. Gorr, M. Azim, H.-J. Christ, T. Mueller, D. Schliephake, and M. Heilmaier, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 624, 270 (2015).
H. Chen, A. Kauffmann, B. Gorr, D. Schliephake, C. Seemüller, J. N. Wagner, H.-J. Christ, and M. Heilmaier, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 661, 206 (2016).
B. Gorr, M. Azim, H.-J. Christ, H. Chen, D. V. Szabo, A. Kauffmann, and M. Heilmaier, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47A, 961 (2016).
B. Gorr, F. Mueller, H.-J. Christ, T. Mueller, H. Chen, A. Kauffmann, and M. Heilmaier, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 688, 468 (2016).
F. Bondioli, A. M. Ferrari, C. Leonelli, L. Manfredini, L. Linati, and P. Musterelli, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83, 2036 (2000).
J. L. Waring, Journal of the American Ceramic Society—Discussion and Notes 48, 493 (1965).
S. Matthews, F. Taliana, and B. James, Surface & Coatings Technology 212, 109 (2012).
S. Matthews, Surface & Coatings Technology 206, 3323 (2012).
N. M. Geyer, Protection of Refractory Metals Against Atmospheric Environments, http://contrails.iit.edu/DigitalCollection/1961/ASDTR61-322article07.pdf. Assessed 1 March 2016.
E. A. Gulbransen, K. F. Andrew, and F. A. Brassant, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 110, 952 (1963).
E. A. Gulbransen, K. F. Andrew, and F. A. Brassant, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 111, 103 (1961).
C. S. Giggins and F. S. Pettit, Journal of Electrochemical Society 118, 1782 (1971).
W. D. Klopp, Recent Developments in Chromium and Chromium Alloys, NASA-Report TM X-1867 (1969).
R. P. Elliot, Transaction of the ASM 52, 900 (1960).
H. Jehn and E. Olzi, Journal of the Less Common Metals 27, 297 (1972).
J. L. Murray and H. A. Wriedt, Journal of Phase Equilibria 8, 148 (1987).
R. L. Wagner, Metallurgical Transactions 1, 3365 (1970).
A. Taylor, Research for Solubility of Interstitials in Columbium Part III. A Study of Columbium-Rich Alloys in the Ternary Systems Cb-Mo-O, Cb-Mo-N and Cb-Mo-C, Technical Report, Westinghouse Research Labs Pittsburgh (1966).
F. E. Bacon and P. M. Moanfeldt, Reaction with common gases, Columbium and Tantalum (Wiley, New York, 1963).
D. E. Weaver, The diffusivity and Solubility of Nitrogen in Molybdenum and Trapping of Nitrogen by Carbon in Molybdenum, PhD Thesis, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California (1972).
B. Holmberg, Acta Chemica Scandinavica 16, 1255 (1992).
Acknowledgements
The financial support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gorr, B., Müller, F., Azim, M. et al. High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys: Effect of Alloy Composition. Oxid Met 88, 339–349 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-016-9696-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-016-9696-y