Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

High Temperature Oxidation and Its Effects on Microstructural Changes of Hot-Rolled Low Carbon Non-oriented Electrical Steels During Air Annealing

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Oxidation of Metals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper reports the influence of temperature on external oxidation and its effect on microstructural changes of hot-rolled non-oriented electrical steels during air-annealing treatments. Annealing during 150 min at temperatures above 700 °C, promotes the formation of two oxide layers: an inner iron–silicon–aluminum oxide and an outer three-layered wüstite–magnetite–hematite oxide. Thickness and oxide characteristics depend on temperature and influence other microstructural changes. Significant decarburization occurs at 800 and 850 °C when thin and cracked oxide structures are formed. At higher temperatures, decarburization becomes slower due to the increase of oxide thickness and a transition from cracked to crack-free structures, until at 950 and 1,050 °C, decarburization is practically inhibited. Absence of decarburization is confirmed by the increment of carbides volume fraction resulting from γ-Fe → α-Fe + Fe3C phase transformation. Finally, slow decarburization leads to normal grain growth, while intense decarburization favors abnormal growth with significant reduction in the amount of secondary particles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jaiprakash Gautam, Control of Surface Graded Transformation Textures in Steels for Magnetic Flux Carrying Applications, PhD Thesis, Delf University of technology, Netherlands, 2011.

  2. Anthony John Moses, Scripta Materialia 67, 560 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sigrid Jacobs, Dietrich Hectors, Francois Henrotte, Martin Hafner, Mercedes Herranz Garcia, Kay Hameyer, Patrick Goes, World Electric Vehicle, 3, 1 (2009).

  4. Yuri Sidor and Frantisek Kovac, Materials Characterization 55, 1 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. O. Fisher and J. Schneider, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 254–255, 302 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Philip Beckley, Electrical Steels for Rotating Machines, Manufacturing Methods, (The Institution of Electrical Engineers, IEE, London, 2002).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. L. Kestens, J.J Jonas, P. Van Houtte, E. Aernoudt, Metallurgical and Material Transactions A, 27A, 2347 (1996).

  8. J. W. Lee and P. R. Howell, Journal of Materials Science 22, 3631 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. A. R Marder, Metallurgical Transactions A, 17A, 1277 (1986).

  10. A. De Paepe, K. Eloot, J. Dilewijns and C. Standaert, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 160, 129 (1996).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Hunady, M. Cernik, E. J. Hilinski, M. Predmersky and A. Magurova, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 304, 620 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Juri J. Sidor, Kim Verbeken, Edgar Gomes, Juergen Schneidfer, Pablo Rodríguez Calvillo, Leo A. I. Kestens, Materials Characterization, 71, 2012 (49).

  13. V. B Ginzburg, Steel Rolling Technology: Theory and Practice, Scaling of Steel: During Reheating, Scaling of Steel During Roughing, Scaling of Steel in Hot Strip Mill, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989.

  14. R. Y. Chen and W. Y. D Yuen, Oxidation of Metals, 59, 433 (2003).

  15. R. Y. Chen and W. Y. D. Yuen, Oxidation of Metals 53, 539 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Y. Chen and W. Y. D. Yuen, Oxidation of Metals 56, 89 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Gutierrez Castañeda and A. Salinas Rodríguez, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 323, 2524 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. L. Kestens, S. Jacobs, Stress and Microstructure, Research article, ID173083 10, 1 (2008).

  19. Minoru Takashima, Michiro Komatsubara and Nobuyuki Morito, ISIJ International 37, 1263 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. F. Kovac, V. Stoyka and I. Petryshynets, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320, 627 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A. S. Khanna, Introduction to High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion, Oxidation of Pure Metals, 1st ed, (ASM International, India, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  22. M. Krzyzanowski, J. H. Beynon and D. C. J. Farrugia, Oxide Scale Behaviour in High Temperature Metal Processing, Making Measurements of Oxide Scale Behavior Under Hot Working Conditions, (Wiley, Germany, 2010).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Weihua Sun, A Study on the Characteristics of Oxide Scale in Hot Rolling of Steel, PhD Thesis, University of Wollongong, 2005.

  24. A. L. Geiger, Journal of Applied Physics 49, 2040 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M. A. E. Jepson and R. L. Higginson, Corrosion Science 59, 263 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Khaled F. Al-Hajeri, The Grain Coarsening and Subsequent Transformation of Austenite in the HSLA Steel During High Temperature Thermomechanical Processing, PhD Thesis, University of Pittsburg, US, 2005.

  27. G. Roberts, G. Krauss and R. Kennedy, Tool Steels, Austenite Grain Size and Grain Growth, 5th ed, (ASM International, USA, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mykola Dzubinsky, Yuriy Sidor and Frantisek Kovac, Materials Science and Engineering A 385, 449 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. F. Kovac, M. Dzubinsky and Y. Sidor, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 269, 333 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

E. Gutierrez Castañeda duly recognizes The Professorship assigned at the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí (UASLP) by CONACYT. Authors of the present research would like to thank all the facilities given at CINVESTAV-IPN to carry out the experimental work. The valuable time and technical assistance of Francisco Botello Rionda, Teodoro Caballero González, Socorro García Guillermo and Sergio Rodríguez Arias are also appreciated and recognized.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Metallurgy of The Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí (UASLP), Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2da Secc., 78210, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    E. Gutiérrez-Castañeda

  2. Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Industria Metalúrgica, No. 1062, Parque Industrial Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe, 25000, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico

    A. Salinas-Rodríguez, R. Deaquino-Lara & F. Márquez-Torres

Authors
  1. E. Gutiérrez-Castañeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Salinas-Rodríguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Deaquino-Lara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. F. Márquez-Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Gutiérrez-Castañeda.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gutiérrez-Castañeda, E., Salinas-Rodríguez, A., Deaquino-Lara, R. et al. High Temperature Oxidation and Its Effects on Microstructural Changes of Hot-Rolled Low Carbon Non-oriented Electrical Steels During Air Annealing. Oxid Met 83, 237–252 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-014-9518-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-014-9518-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation