Abstract
Tropical and subtropical regions experience heavy rain intensities often accompanied with medium to strong winds. In this work, the effect of perpendicular wind flow and various modulation formats on a rain interrupted optical wireless link is investigated experimentally under controlled laboratory conditions. Attenuation as a function of rain rate is observed at different wind pressure. It is found that rain induced scattering dominates the rain specific attenuation however significant attenuation is expected at much higher wind pressure which normally increases with altitudes. A comparative performance of modulation formats like direct intensity modulation (D-IM), pulse width modulation (PWM) and various subcarrier intensity modulated (SIM) signals under heavy rain conditions is reported. It is found that SIM-FSK and SIM-AM offer better signal to noise performance (approximately two times) followed by subcarrier phase (SIM-PM) and frequency (SIM-FM) respectively. Also, SIM-FSK and PWM are least attenuated in heavy precipitation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AL-Gailani, S.A., Mohammad, A.B., Sheikh, U.U., Shaddad, R.Q.: Determination of rain attenuation parameters for free space optical link in tropical rain. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron. Opt. 125(4), 1575–1578 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.10.018
Badar, N., Jha, R.K.: Performance comparison of various modulation schemes over free space optical (FSO) link employing Gamma Gamma fading model. Opt. Quant. Electron. 49, 192–210 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-017-1025-4
Basahel, A.A., Rafiqul, I.M., Suriza, A.Z., Habaebi, M.H.: Availability assessment of free-space-optics links with rain data from tropical climates. J. Lightw. Technol. 35(19), 4282–4288 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2732459
Das, D., Maitra, A.: Rain attenuation prediction during rain events in different climatic regions. J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys. 128, 1–7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.03.003
Ghassemlooy, Z., Zvanovec, S., Khalighi, M.A., Popola, W.O., Perez, J.: Optical wireless communication systems. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 151, 1–6 (2017)
Gopal, P., Jain, V.K., kar, S.: Performance comparison of PIN and APD based FSO satellite systems for various pulse modulation schemes in atmospheric turbulence. Commun. Netw. 5(3), 200–203 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4236/cn.2013.53b2038
Grabner, M., kvicera, V.: Multiple scattering in rain and fog on free-space optical links. J. Lightw. Technol. 32(3), 513–520 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2013.2294356
Ijaz, M., Ghassemlooy, Z., Pesek, J., Fiser, O., Minh, H.L., Bentley, E.: Modeling of fog and smoke attenuation in free space optical communications link under controlled laboratory conditions. J. Lightw. Technol. 31(11), 1720–1726 (2013a). https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2013.2257683
Ijaz, M., Ghassemlooy, Z., Perez, J., Brazda, V., Fiser, O.: Enhancing the atmospheric visibility and fog attenuation using a controlled FSO channel. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(13), 1262–1265 (2013b). https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2013.2264046
Kaushal, H., Jain, V.K., Kar, S.: Free space optical communication, 1st edn. Springer, Berlin (2017)
Kshatriya, A.J., Acharya, Y.B., Aggarwal, A.K., et al.: Estimation of FSO link availability using climatic data. J. Opt. 45, 324–330 (2016)
Marshall, J.S., Palmer, W.M.K.: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Meteorol. 5(4), 165–166 (1948)
Olsen, R.O., Rogers, D.V., Hodge, D.: The aRb relation in the calculation of rain attenuation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 26(2), 318–329 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.1978.1141845
Popoola, W.O., Ghassemlooy, Z., Lee, C.G., Boucouvalas, A.C.: Scintillation effect on intensity modulated laser communication systems—a laboratory demonstration. Opt. Laser Technol. 42(4), 682–692 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2009.11.011
Shang, J., Nan, Z., Liu, S., et al.: Performance analysis of QPSK in free-space optical communications systems over combined channel with phase compensation error. Opt. Quant. Electron. 47, 137–139 (2015)
Snaiki, R., Wu, T.: An analytical framework for rapid estimate of rain rate during tropical cyclones. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 174, 50–60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.12.014
Tripathi, A., Soni, G.G., Gupta, S., Mandloi, A.S.: Experimental investigation of wind and temperature induced scintillation effect on optical wireless communication link. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 178, 1248–1254 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.10.102
Twati, M.O., BadI, M.M., Adam, A.F.: Analysis of rain effects on free space optics based on data measured in the Libyan climate. Int. J. Inf. Electron. Eng. 4(6), 469–472 (2014). https://doi.org/10.7763/ijiee.2014.v4.485
Yang, Y., Gao, J., Zhang, Y.: Effects of fog-haze random media on the short-range optical wireless communications link. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 138, 8–14 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.03.027
Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Hu, B., Yu, L., Hu, Z.D.: Average BER and outage probability of the ground-to-train OWC link in turbulence with rain. Opt. Commun. 398, 85–90 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.04.034
Zhu, X., Kahn, J.M.: Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Trans. Commun. 50(8), 1293–1300 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2002.800829
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Optical Communication Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, SGSITS, Indore for the experimental facility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Soni, G.G., Tripathi, A., Mandloi, A. et al. Effect of wind pressure and modulation schemes on rain interrupted optical wireless links under tropical climates. Opt Quant Electron 51, 172 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1893-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1893-x