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Studies on the Neuromodulatory Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Alterations in Lipid Composition and Membrane Integrity of Rat Brain Following Aluminium Neurotoxicity

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Abstract

Brain contains the highest lipid content involved in various structural and physiological activities such as structural development, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, signal transduction and myelin sheath formation. Lipids bilayer is essential to maintain the structural integrity for the physiological functions of protein. Impairments in lipid metabolism and its composition can lead to the progression of various brain ailments such as neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Aluminium (Al), the potent neurotoxin has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) like pathology. Al can bind to biomembrane and influence oligomerization and conformational changes of proteins by acting as cross-linkers. The present study evaluated the influence of Ginkgo biloba (GBE) on the lipid profile alterations induced by Al lactate in hippocampal and cortical regions using FTIR spectroscopy. Rats were exposed with 10 mg/kg b.w. (intraperitoneal) of Al lactate for 6 weeks. This was followed by a treatment protocol of GBE (100 mg/kg b.w.) both preexposure (2 weeks) and conjunctive (6 weeks) exposure. A self recovery group was also included, where Al withdrawal was done for 2 weeks post Al exposure. A significant decrease in peak areas of cholesterol, sphingolipids and phospholipids was observed in Al treated groups. Further, polyunsaturated fatty acids and membrane fluidity has also decreased, as revealed by olefinic and methyl asymmetric stretching bands. Al treatment significantly increased the fluorescence polarization, anisotropy and order parameter, which however were normalized following GBE supplementation. Results also showed that pretreatment with GBE provided more beneficial effects on the adverse changes following Al in membrane composition and behavioral outcome.

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Abbreviations

Al:

Aluminium

Aβ:

Amyloid beta

BBB:

Blood Brain Barrier

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

Fig:

Figure

i.p:

Intra-peritoneal

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

kg:

Kilogram

mg:

Milligram

Tris HCl:

Tris Hydrochloride

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

TCA:

Tricholro acetic acid

GBE:

Ginkgo biloba Extract

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Prof. Bimla Nehru for her invaluable advice and support in the preparation of this work.

Funding

The study was carried out by the funds received by University grants commission-Basic Scientific research (UGC-BSR) to Ms Sonia Verma and DST-PURSE 2017–18, New Delhi to Department of Biophysics, Panjab University.

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  1. Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, South Campus, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    Sonia Verma, Pavitra Ranawat & Bimla Nehru

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  1. Sonia Verma
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Sonia Verma has carried out all the research work presented in this article. She has analysed all the results. She has written and edited the scientific article. All the coauthors has helped the author with their valuable suggestions in the research work and writing the article.

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Correspondence to Bimla Nehru.

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All the protocols performed were approved by Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of Panjab University, Chandigarh, India with approval no. PU/45/99/CPCSEA/IAEC/2018/153. Every effort was made to minimize the number of animals and the distress caused throughout the experiment.

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Verma, S., Ranawat, P. & Nehru, B. Studies on the Neuromodulatory Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Alterations in Lipid Composition and Membrane Integrity of Rat Brain Following Aluminium Neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 45, 2143–2160 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-020-03075-2

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