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Reversible robust fragile multi-watermarking scheme for color images

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Abstract

This research introduced a reversible multi-watermarking scheme for color images with robustness and fragility. The robust watermarking can be used for copyright protection while the fragile watermarking is used to decide whether the image is tampered. The scheme divides the color image into R, G and B layers. The first two layers are embedded with a robust watermark via integer wavelet transform (IWT) and differential histogram shift. Then the embedded layers are used to generate a hash sequence as a fragile watermark. Layer B is used to embed fragile watermark. In order to enhance the watermark invisibility, the prediction error extension (PEE) algorithm is optimized by prediction error length mapping (PELM). To improve the extraction accuracy for tamper detection, a mapping correction scheme is proposed. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using Kodak and USC-ISUI data set. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has balanced imperceptibility and robustness, and also achieved reversibility and high detection rate. Specifically, the peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR) which is used to verify the imperceptibility of the watermarked image is 43.234db. The average normalized correlation coefficient (NC) of the extracted watermark is greater than 0.91, even it suffers from common attacks such as JPEG, noise attack and filter attack. And the accuracy of tamper detection is higher than 90% under malicious attacks.

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Acknowledgements

The research was supported by Hainan Province Basic, Applied Basic Research Program (Natural Science Field) High-level Talent Project (Grant No. 2019RC044) and Hainan Province Key R&D plan project(No. ZDYF2022GXJS224).

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  1. Hainan University, Hainan, China

    Shaohua Duan, Yuhan Qian, Junjie Liu, Hanwen Wang & Xiaoyi Zhou

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  1. Shaohua Duan
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  2. Yuhan Qian
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  4. Hanwen Wang
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  5. Xiaoyi Zhou
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Correspondence to Xiaoyi Zhou.

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Duan, S., Qian, Y., Liu, J. et al. Reversible robust fragile multi-watermarking scheme for color images. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 38613–38637 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14717-2

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