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The next step of neurogenesis in the context of Alzheimer’s disease

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Abstract

Among different pathological mechanisms, neuronal loss and neurogenesis impairment in the hippocampus play important roles in cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a progressive and complex neurodegenerative diseases, which is very debilitating. The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into neurogenesis and AD and discuss how pharmacological drugs and herbal active components have impacts on neurogenesis and consequently improve cognitive functions. To date, despite huge research, no effective treatment has been approved for AD. Therefore, an avenue for future research and drug discovery is stimulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Evidence suggests that neurogenesis is regulated by the pharmacological treatment that may be recommended as a part of prophylaxis and therapeutic options for AD. However, the underlying mechanisms of regulating neurogenesis in AD are not well understood. To this point, we highlight to achieve an efficient treatment in AD by manipulating neurogenesis, it’s necessary to target all steps of neurogenesis.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AHN:

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Aβ-P:

β-Amyloid plaques

Aβ:

β-Amyloid

AChEIs:

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

DMTs:

Disease-modifying therapies

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

SGZ:

Subgranular zone

HDG:

Hippocampal dentate gyrus

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

NS/PCs:

Neural stem/progenitor cells

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

NPCs:

Neural precursor cells

CREB:

CAMP response element-binding protein

BrdU:

Bromodeoxyuridine labeling

GSK3beta:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

IGF2:

Insulin-like growth factor 2

BuChEI:

Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor

APP/PS1:

Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1

PI3K/AKT:

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B

SAD:

Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

ICV-STZ:

Intracerebroventricular-streptozocin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Hamid Reza Moradi & Zabihollah Khaksar

  2. Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Vahid Hajali, Farzaneh Vafaee, Fatemeh Forouzanfar & Sajad Sahab Negah

  3. Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Iranian Chapter, SBMT, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Sajad Sahab Negah

  4. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran

    Sajad Sahab Negah

  5. Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Sajad Sahab Negah

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  1. Hamid Reza Moradi
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Researching data for article: MHR, SNS, HV and KZ. Substantial contribution to discussion of content: MHR, SNS, HV, KZ, FF and VF. Writing: MHR, SNS. Review/Editing of manuscript before submission: MHR, SNS, HV, KZ, FF and VF.

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Correspondence to Sajad Sahab Negah.

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Moradi, H.R., Hajali, V., Khaksar, Z. et al. The next step of neurogenesis in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Biol Rep 48, 5647–5660 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06520-9

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