The fracture energies of modified epoxy matrices and unidirectional glass (GFRP)-, organic (OFRP)-, and carbon (CFRP)-fiber-reinforced plastics based on them are compared. The unidirectional composites were fabricated by winding. Epoxy-polysulfone compositions were used as matrices containing from 5 to 20 wt.% of PSK-1 polysulfone. The matrices were cured with triethanolaminotitanate. It is shown that the fracture mechanisms of GFRP, OFRP, and CFRP in shear differ, which is supposedly related to the nature of fibers. The fracture energy of reinforced plastics is mainly determined by the impact strength of matrix. The delamination energy G cmIR of GFRP, OFRP, and CFRP increased monotonically with content of polysulfone in the matrix. A marked growth in G cmIR was observed at a content of polysulfone exceeding 10 wt.%. The crack resistance of the composites under investigation increased two times. The fracture toughness of GFRP and OFRP was 3-4 times higher than that of CFRP at any concentration of polysulfone. A growth in G mIR of the matrices started when the content of PSK-1 exceeded 5 wt.%, and at 15-20 wt.% of PSK-1, the values of G mIR increased four times. In all the cases investigated, a correlation between the crack resistance of reinforced plastics and that of polymeric matrices was observed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. V. Bologov, A. M. Kuperman, and M. G. Karpman, “Effect of modification of an epoxy binder with a nitrile rubber on the physicomechanical properties of a unidirectional CFRP,” Mekh. Kompozits. Mater. Konstr., 5, No. 4, 33-41 (1999).
W. D. Bascom, J. L. Bitner, R. J. Moulton, and A. R. Siebert, “The interlaminar fracture of organic-matrix, woven reinforcement composites,” Composites, 11, No. 1, 9-18 (1980).
M. L. Kerber et al., Polymer Composite Materials. Structure. Properties. Technologies. Manual, Professiya (2008).
N. N. Trofimov, M. Z. Kanovich, E. M. Kartashov, et al., Physics of Composite Materials [in Russian], Mir, Moscow (2005).
K. Mimura, H. Ito, and H. Fujioka, “Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties by control of morphologies in PES-modified epoxy resins,” Polymer, 41, 4451-4459 (2000).
I. Martinez, M. D. Martin, A. Eceiza, P. Oyanguren, and I. Mondragon, “Phase separation in polysulfone-modified epoxy mixtures. Relationship between curing conditions, morphology and ultimate behavior,” Polymer, 41, 1027-1035 (2000).
P. T. McGrail and S. D. Jenkins, “Some aspects of interlaminar toughening: reactively terminated thermoplastic particles in thermoset composites,” Polymer, 34, No. 4, 677-683 (1993).
E. V. Pisanova, S. F. Zhandarov, and O. R. Yurkevich, “Epoxy-polysulfone networks as advanced matrices for composite materials,” J. Adhesion, 64, No. 1, 111-129 (1997).
Seunghan Shin and Jyongsik Jang, “The effect of thermoplastic coating on the mechanical properties of woven fabric carbon-epoxy composites,” J. Mater. Sci., 35, 2047-2054 (2000).
V. I. Solodilov and Yu. A. Gorbatkina, “Properties of unidirectional GFRPs based on an epoxy resin modified with polysulphone or an epoxyurethane oligomer,” Mech. Compos. Mater., 42, No. 6, 739-758 (2006).
V. I. Solodilov and Yu. A. Gorbatkina, “Properties of unidirectional CFRPs based on an epoxy resin modified with polysulphone or epoxyurethane oligomer,” Mekh. Kompozits. Mater. Konstr., 14, No. 2, 224-235 (2008).
W. J. Cantwell and J. Morton, “The impact resistance of composite materials — a review,” Composites, 22, No. 5, 347-362 (1991).
R. L. Ellis, F. Lalande, H. Jia, and C. A. Rogers, “Ballistic impact resistance of SMA and Spectra hybrid graphite composites,” Polymer, 38, No. 2, 269-277 (1997).
A. V. Antonov, E. S. Zelenskii, A. M. Kuperman, O. V. Lebedeva, and A. A. Rybin, “Behavior of reinforced plastics based on polysulfone matrix under impact loading,” Mech. Compos. Mater., 34, No. 1, 12-19 (1998).
V. V. Vasil’ev and Yu. M. Tarnopol’skii (eds.), Composite Materials. Handbook [in Russian], Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1990).
P. G. Babaevskii (ed.), Practical Works in the Science of Polymer Materials [in Russian], Khimiya, Moscow (1980).
P. G. Babaevskii and S. G. Kulik, Crack Resistance of Cured Polymer Compositions [in Russian], Khimiya, Moscow (1991).
V. I. Solodilov, S. L. Bazhenov, Yu. A. Gorbatkina, and A. M. Kuperman, “Determination of the interlaminar fracture toughness of glass-fiber-reinforced plastics on ring segments,” Mech. Compos. Mater., 39, No. 5, 407-414 (2003).
B.-G. Min, J. H. Hodgkin, and Z. H. Stachurski, “Reaction mechanism, microstructure, and fracture properties of thermoplastic polysulfone-modified epoxy resin,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 50, No. 6, 1065-1072 (1993).
Hyun Sung Min and Sung Chul Kim, “Fracture toughness of polysulfone/epoxy semi-IPN with morphology spectrum,” Polymer Bulletin, 42, No. 2, 221-227 (1999).
Ping Haung, Sixun Zheng, Jinyu Huang, Qipeng Guo, and Wei Zhu, “Miscibility and mechanical properties of epoxy resin/polysulfone blends,” Polymer, 38, No. 22, 5565-5571 (1997).
H. Kishi, Y.-B. Shi, J. Huang, and A. F. Yee, “Shear ductility and toughenability study of highly cross-linked epoxy/polyethersulphone,” J. Mater. Sci., 32, 761-771 (1997).
Zhikai Zhong, Sixun Zheng, Jinyu Huang, Xingguo Cheng, Qipeng Guo, and Jun Wei, “Phase behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy resin containing phenolphthalein poly(ether ether ketone),” Polymer, 39, No. 5, 1075-1080 (1998).
A. E. Chalykh, V. K. Gerasimov, A. E. Bukhteev, A. V. Shapagin, G. Kh. Kudryakova, T. V. Brantseva, Yu. A. Gorbatkina, and M. L. Kerber, “Compatibility and evolution of the phase structure of blends of polysulfone with setting epoxy oligomers,” Vysokomol. Soed., 45A, No. 7, 1148-1159 (2003).
Yu. A. Gorbatkina, Adhesive Strength of Fiber-Polymer Systems, Ellis Horwood, New-York–London (1992).
T. V. Brantseva, Yu. A. Gorbatkina, V. Dutschk, K. Schneider, and R. Habler, “Modification of epoxy resin by polysulfone to improve the interfacial and mechanical properties in glass fiber composites. III. Properties of the cured blends and their structures in the polymer/fiber interphase,” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 18, No. 11, 1309-1323 (2004).
T. V. Brantseva, Yu. A. Gorbatkina, E. Mader, V. Dutschk, and M. L. Kerber, “Modification of epoxy resin by polysulfone to improve the interfacial and mechanical properties in glass fiber composites. II. Adhesion of the epoxy-polysulfone matrices to glass fibers,” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 18, No. 11, 1293-1308 (2004).
T. V. Brantseva, Yu. A. Gorbatkina, and M. L. Kerber, “Adhesion of epoxy-thermoplastic and polysulfone–LCP matrices to fibers,” Compos. Interfaces, 12, Nos. 3-4, 187-200 (2005).
B. F. Sorensen and T. K. Jacobsen, “Large-scale bridging in composites: R-curves and bridging laws,” Composites, 29A, 1443-1451 (1998).
T. K. Jacobsen and B. F. Sorensen, “Mode I intra-laminar crack growth in composites — modelling of R-curves from measured bridging laws,” Composites, 32A, 1-11 (2001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 253-272 , March-April, 2015.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Solodilov, V.I., Korokhin, R.A., Gorbatkina, Y.A. et al. Comparison of Fracture Energies of Epoxy-polysulfone Matrices and Unidirectional Composites Based on Them. Mech Compos Mater 51, 177–190 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-015-9488-5
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-015-9488-5