“We can all live forever as long as we don’t do anything foolish. Doesn’t that scare you? That maybe you’ll never do
anything foolish or courageous or anything worth a damn.”
– Sylvia Weis, In Time (2011)
Abstract
The ethics of human enhancement has been a hotly debated topic in the last 15 years. In this debate, some advocate examining science fiction stories to elucidate the ethical issues regarding the current phenomenon of human enhancement. Stories from science fiction seem well suited to analyze biomedical advances, providing some possible case studies. Of particular interest is the work of screenwriter Andrew Niccol (Gattaca, S1m0ne, In Time, and Good Kill), which often focuses on ethical questions raised by the use of new technologies. Examining the movie In Time (2011), the aim of this paper is to show how science fiction can contribute to the ethical debate of human enhancement. In Time provides an interesting case study to explore what could be some of the consequences of radical life-extension technologies. In this paper, we will show how arguments regarding radical life-extension portrayed in this particular movie differ from what is found in the scientific literature. We will see how In Time gives flesh to arguments defending or rejecting radical life-extension. It articulates feelings of unease, alienation and boredom associated with this possibility. Finally, this article will conclude that science fiction movies in general, and In Time in particular, are a valuable resource for a broad and comprehensive debate about our coming future.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
See http://scifimedhums.glasgow.ac.uk/journal-issue/ accessed Feb 08, 2017.
For an overview of the debate on the ethics of human enhancement, see Juengst and Moseley (2016).
Interview with Aubrey de Grey, http://www.speculist.com/archives/000065.html, Accessed Feb 13, 2016.
Interview with Aubrey de Grey, http://www.speculist.com/archives/000065.html, Accessed Feb 08, 2017.
References
Agar, Nicholas. 2010. Humanity’s End: Why We Should Reject Radical Enhancement. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Agar, Nicholas. 2014. Truly Human Enhancement: A Philosophical Defense of Limits. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Annas, George J, Lori B Andrews, and Rosario M Isasi. 2002. Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations. American Journal of Law and Medicine 28 (2–3): 151–178.
Buchanan, Allen, Dan W. Brock, Norman Daniels, and Daniel Wikler. 2001. From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Childress, James F., and Tom L. Beauchamp. 2008. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Sixth edit. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Grey, Aubrey, and Michael Rae. 2008. Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Griffin.
DeGrazia, David. 2005. Enhancement Technologies and Human Identity. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 30 (3): 261–283.
Eichinger, Tobias. 2011. Wer hat Angst vor Androiden? Aufklärungsmaschinen und bewegte Menschenbilder im Roboterfilm. In Das Gehirn als Projekt: Wissenschaftler, Künstler und Schüler erkunden unsere neurotechnische Zukunft, eds. Müller O, Maio G, Boldt J, et al., Rombach, 210–216.
Eichinger, Tobias. 2013. Jenseits der Therapie. Philosophie und Ethik wunscherfüllender Medizin. Transcript.
Elliott, Carl. 2004. Better Than Well: American Medicine Meets the American Dream. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Erler, Alexandre. 2012. One Man’s Authenticity Is Another Man’s Betrayal: A Reply to Levy. Journal of Applied Philosophy 29 (3): 257–265.
Fenton, Elizabeth. 2006. Liberal Eugenics & Human Nature: Against Habermas. The Hastings Center Report 36 (6): 35–42.
Fukuyama, Francis. 2003. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Picador.
Glannon, Walter. 2002a. Extending the Human Life Span. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27 (3): 339–354.
Glannon, Walter. 2002b. Indentity, Prudential Concern, and Extended Lives. Bioethics 16 (3): 266–283.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2003. The Future of Human Nature. Cambridge: Polity.
Harris, John. 2000. Intimations of Immortality. Science 288 (5463): 59.
Harris, John. 2002. A Response to Walter Glannon. Bioethics 16 (3): 284–291.
Harris, John. 2004. “Immortal Ethics.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1019: 527–534.
Harris, John. 2008. Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hick, John. 1993. Disputed Questions in Theology and the Philosophy of Religion. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Huxley, Aldous. 1932/2006. Brave New World, Reprint ed. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
Juengst, Eric and Moseley, Daniel. 2016. Human Enhancement, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/enhancement/.
Kamm, Frances M. 2005. Is There a Problem with Enhancement? The American Journal of Bioethics: AJOB 5 (3): 5–14.
Kass, Leon. 2003. Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness. In The New Atlantis, 9–28.
Levy, Neil. 2011. Enhancing Authenticity. Journal of Applied Philosophy 28 (3): 308–318.
McConnell, Terrance. 2010. Genetic Enhancement, Human Nature, and Rights. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (4): 415–428.
McKibben, Bill. 2004. Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Niccol, Andrew. 2011. In Time. USA: 20th Century Fox.
Parens, Erik. 2005. Authenticity and Ambivalence: Toward Understanding the Enhancement Debate. The Hastings Center Report 35 (3): 34–41.
Roduit, Johann A.R. 2016. The Case for Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Human Enhancement. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Roduit, Johann A.R, Baumann, Holger and Heilinger, Jan-Christoph. 2013. Human enhancement and perfection. Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (10): 647–650.
Roduit, Johann A.R, Baumann, Holger and Heilinger, Jan-Christoph. 2014. Evaluating human enhancements: the importance of ideals. Monash Bioethics Review 32 (3–4): 205–216.
Roduit, Johann A.R, Heilinger, Jan-Christoph and Baumann, Holger. 2015. Ideas of perfection and the ethics of human enhancement. Bioethics 29 (9): 622–630.
Sandel, Michael J. 2007. The Case against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Schaefer, G. Owen, Guy Kahane, and Julian Savulescu. 2014. Autonomy and Enhancement. Neuroethics 7 (2): 123–136.
Shapshay, Sandra. 2009. Bioethics at the Movies, ed. by Sandra Shapshay. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Svenaeus, Fredrik. 2009. The Ethics of Self-Change: Becoming Oneself by Way of Antidepressants or Psychotherapy? Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 12 (2): 169–178.
Williams, Bernard. 1973. The Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality. In The Problems of the Self, 82–100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Funding
Funding was provided by Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Grant No. 165222).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roduit, J.A.R., Eichinger, T. & Glannon, W. Science fiction and human enhancement: radical life-extension in the movie ‘In Time’ (2011). Med Health Care and Philos 21, 287–293 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9831-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9831-4