Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal part in the manifestation of neuroinflammation, which further leads to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces neuroinflammation resulting in memory impairment (MI) and cognitive decline. In this study, we evaluated whether prophylactic administration of Rosmarinic acid (RA), a naturally occurring compound, exerts a neuroprotective effect in LPS-induced MI and cognitive decline. Herein, Swiss albino mice were pre-treated with RA (0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg i.p.) for 28 days and were intermittently exposed to LPS (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) for 7 days. LPS caused poor memory retention and increased cognitive decline in Morris water maze (MWM) and Y maze paradigms respectively. Additionally, LPS increased oxidative stress which was denoted by a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and increased lipid peroxidation in the brain. Imbalance in the cholinergic system was analyzed by measuring the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Pre-treatment with RA improved memory and behavioral disturbances by alleviating oxidative stress and AChE activity. LPS augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, caspase-3, and c-Jun. Pre-treatment with RA revitalized the elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins. In conclusion, this study showcases the amelioration of MI by RA in LPS-challenged memory and cognitive decline, which could be credited to its anti-oxidant effect, inhibitory effect on both proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic regulators, and reduction in AChE activity.
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Abbreviations
- AChE:
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- AcSCh:
-
Acetyl thio-choline iodide
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- DTNB:
-
5, 5’- dithiobis (2- nitrobenzoic acid)
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IAEC:
-
Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)
- LPO:
-
Lipid peroxidation
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MI:
-
Memory impairment
- MWM:
-
Morris water maze test
- NFTs:
-
Neurofibrillary tangles
- NSAIDs:
-
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- NIBS:
-
National Institute of Biosciences
- PBS:
-
Phosphate buffer saline
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- GSH:
-
Reduced glutathione
- RVS:
-
Rivastigmine
- RA:
-
Rosmarinic acid
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- SAB:
-
Spontaneous alteration behaviours
- TBA:
-
Thiobarbituric acid
- TBARS:
-
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TCA:
-
Trichloroacetic acid
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrotic factor
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
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Thingore, C., Kshirsagar, V. & Juvekar, A. Amelioration of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment using Rosmarinic acid in mice. Metab Brain Dis 36, 299–313 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-020-00629-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-020-00629-9