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The frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system and plays an important role in homeostasis and maintenance of blood pressure. However, little is known about allele and genotypic frequencies, as well as phenotypic characteristics associated with ACE polymorphism genotypes in South American populations. This study aimed to verify the allelic predominance and genotype frequency of ACE I/D polymorphism in South America and its association with the main diseases and related conditions. We conducted a systematic review considering studies published in the last 25 years available in PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, LIPECS, Coleciona SUS, CUMED, BINACIS, IBECS, and MEDLINE databases, resulting in the inclusion of 121 studies. Quality of the studies was assessed according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association (STREGA) guidelines. We mapped the frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South American populations. 8,856 (32.1%) subjects were DD, 13,050 were ID (47.4%), and 5,644 were II (20.5%) carriers. The main associated conditions included systemic arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions, cardiorespiratory or respiratory characteristics, physical activity level, kidney conditions, aging-related diseases, as well as different types of cancers and metabolic conditions. 61.1% of the studies found no significant association between the respective conditions investigated and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Considering DD genotype or D allele, 21.5% of the studies observed negative and 4.9% positive outcomes. Regarding ID genotype, 4.1% of the studies identified negative and 0.8% positive outcomes, and for II genotype or I allele, 4.1% of the results had negative and 10.7% positive associations.

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Data availability

The datasets analyzed in this manuscript are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA).

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This study received no external funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrician, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Rebeca Gonçalves Trevisano, Helen Matias & Sandro Soares Almeida

  2. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Thais de Jesus Teani & Sandro Soares Almeida

  3. Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil

    Valmir Oliveira Silvino, Cirley Pinheiro Ferreira & Marcos Antonio Pereira dos Santos

  4. Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) post-graduation program, Teresina, Brazil

    Valmir Oliveira Silvino, Cirley Pinheiro Ferreira & Marcos Antonio Pereira dos Santos

  5. Instituto Educatie de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Pedro Luiz Garcia Braga

  6. Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Sandro Soares Almeida

  7. Faculdade Anhanguera de Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil

    Sandro Soares Almeida

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  1. Rebeca Gonçalves Trevisano
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Contributions

R.G.T. and S.S.A. designed the study. R.G.T., H.M., M.A.P.S., and T.J.T. performed the data acquisition. R.G.T., V.O.S. and P.L.G.B. performed the data analysis. R.G.T., V.O.S., M.A.P.S., and C.P.F. drafted and revised the manuscript. S.S.A. supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sandro Soares Almeida.

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Trevisano, R.G., Matias, H., de Jesus Teani, T. et al. The frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Cell Biochem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-023-04923-9

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