Abstract
Recent fire cases indicated again the importance of fire research. Fast development of construction technology requires new materials. Initiation and development of fire are strongly influenced by the choice of construction materials. In addition to their mechanical properties, their behaviour in elevated temperature is also of high importance. Residual compressive strength of concrete exposed to high temperatures is influenced by the following factors: water-to-cement ratio, cement-to-aggregate ratio, type of aggregate and water content of concrete before exposing it to high temperatures and the fire process. Therefore, mix design and composition of concrete are of high importance for high temperatures. Based on the literature, the fire resistance of concrete is influenced by the used cement type. As regards the cement type, considerable importance has been attached to the various auxiliary materials, such as slag, fly ash, trass, metakaolines and silica fume. There has been no special research devoted to the fire behaviour of pure portland cements. Pure portland cements can be made with various oxide compositions or with different grinding fineness, which increases the resistance of cements to fire. The question arises what effects grinding fineness and oxide composition have on fire resistance of cements. In my experiments, the resistance of portland cements of different composition and grinding fineness to fire (high temperature) were examined. For the test of the solidified cement paste, cement paste cubes of 30-mm edge length were prepared. The specimens were stored in water for 7 days and then in laboratory conditions for 21 days. The cubes of more than 28 days were heated to the given temperature in the furnace and then kept at the given temperature for 2 h (50, 150, 300, 500, 800 °C). Following the 2 h of thermal load, the specimens were examined once their temperature cooled down to room temperature. I have experimentally demonstrated that in case of portland cements, the grinding fineness and aluminate modulus of the cement (i.e. the oxide composition of the cement) have a significant effect on its fire resistance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dolezsai K, Pauka I. Cementgyártás. Budapest: Műszaki Könyvkiadó; 1964.
Bereczky E. A cement kötése és szilárdulása. Cementipari kézikönyv (szerkesztő: Talabér József). Budapest: Műszaki Könyvkiadó; 1966. p. 237–88.
Tamás F. A cementhidratáció. Szilikátipari kézikönyv (főszerkesztő: Tamás Ferenc). Budapest: Műszaki Könyvkiadó; 1982. p. 318–23.
Riesz L. Cement- és mészgyártási kézikönyv. Budapest: Építésügyi Tájékoztatási Központ; 1989.
Taylor HFW. Cement chemistry. 2nd ed. London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 1997.
Bensted J. Hydration of portland cement. In: Gosh SN, editor. Advances in cement technology: chemistry, manufacture and testing. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Tech Books International; 2002. p. 31–86.
Zhang YM, Napier-Munn TJ. Effects of particle size distribution, surface area and chemical composition on portland cement strength. Powder Technol. 1995;83:245–52.
Opoczky L. Tudományos kiadvány: a CEMKUT Kft. fontosabb kutatási-vizsgálati eredményeinek összefoglalása 1991–2005. Budapest: CEMKUT Kft; 2006.
Opoczky L. A HOLCIM Hungária Zrt. Hejőcsabai Cementgyárban klinkertakarékos, környezetbarát cement előállítását elősegítő őrléstechnikai kutatások c. Tanulmány, 2007–2008. (készült a Miskolci Egyetem, Műszaki Földtudományi Kar, Eljárástechnikai Tanszék megbízásából).
Opoczky L. A pernyék szilikátkémiai tulajdonságai. “Tiszta környezetünkért” Szénerőműi pernyék hasznosításával tudományos konferencián elhangzott előadás, A Miskolci Egyetem Közleménye A sorozat, Bányászat, Egyetemi Kiadó, Miskolc. 2001 55:97–106.
Gável V. A csökkentett klinkerhányadú, környezetbarát cementek előállítását megalapozó örléselméleti és örléstechnológiai kutatások, Miskolc, Phd; 2013.
Barbara P, Iwona W. Comparative investigations of influence of chemical admixtures on pozzolanic and hydraulic activities of fly ash with the use of thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;120:119–27.
Yun L, Hung-Liang C. Thermal analysis and adiabatic calorimetry for early-age concrete members. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;122:937–45.
Stepkowska ET, Bijen JM, Perez-Rodriguez JL. Thermal mass changes of portland cement and slag cements after water sorption. J Therm Anal Calorim. 1994;42:41–65.
Pacewska B, Wilińska IG, Blonkowski G. Investigations of cement early hydration in the presence of chemically activated fly ash. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;93:769–76.
Kerekes Zs, Beda L. Effect of the macro-structure on the flammability of the oxidized PAN fibre based woven textiles. J Text Cloth Technol. 2013 62:222; ISSN 0492-5882.
Schneider U, Lebeda C. Fire protection of builldings (Baulicher Brandschutz). ISBN 3-17-015266-1. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer GmbH; 2000.
Schneider U. Properties of materials at high temperatures, concrete. RILEM Publ., 2nd edn, Gesamthochschule Kassel, Universität Kassel; 1986.
fib bulletin 38 Fire design of concrete structures- materials,, structures and modelling. ISBN: 978-2-88394-078-9, 2007.
Grainger BN. Concrete at high tempereatures. UK: Central Electricity Resarch Laboratories; 1980.
Dias WPS, Khoury GA, Sulivan PJE. Mechanical properties of hardened cement paste exposed to temperatures up to 700 °C. ACI Mater J. 1990;87:160–6.
Xu Y, Wong YL, Poon CS, Anson M. Impact of high temperature on PFA concrete. Cem Concr Res. 2001;31:1065–73.
Khoury GA, Sarshar R, Sulivan PJE. Factors affecting the compressive strength of unsealed cement paste and concrete at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on mechanical behaviour of concrete under extreme thermal and hygral conditions. ISSN 0863-0720, Weimar; 1990. p. 89–92.
Khoury GA, Grainger BN, Sullivan PJE. Transient thermal strain of concrete: literature review. Conditions within specimen and behaviour of individual constituents. Mag Concr Res. 1985;37:37–48.
Schneider U, Weiß R. Kinethical treatment of thermical deterioration of concretes and its mechanical influences. Cem Concr Res. 1997;11:22–9.
Bazant PZ, Kaplan FM. Concrete at high temperetures. London: Longman Group Limited. 1996; ISBN: 0-582-08626-4.
Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1 general rules–structural fire design EN 1992-1-2:2002.
Heikal M, El-Didamony H, Sokkary TM, Ahmed IA. Behavior of composite cement pastes containing microsilica and fly ash at elevated temperature. Constr Build Mater. 2013;38:1180–90.
Mendes A, Sanjayan J, Collins F. Phase transformations and mechanical strength of OPC/slag pastes submitted to high temperatures. Mater Struct. 2008;41:345–50.
Xu Y, Wong YL, Poon CS, Anson M. Influence of PFA on cracking of concrete and cement paste after exposure to high temperatures. Cem Concr Res. 2003;33:2009–16.
Karakurt C, Topcu IB. Effect of blended cements with natural zeolite and industrial by-products on rebar corrosion and high temperature resistance of concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2012;35:906–11.
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the support by the János Bolyai Resarch Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Siences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lublóy, É. Heat resistance of portland cements. J Therm Anal Calorim 132, 1449–1457 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7132-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7132-z