Abstract
Intergenerational continuity in depressive symptoms is well established between mother and child, but there are still important facets of this relationship that are underexplored. We examine intergenerational continuity in depressive symptoms between mother–child dyads as a flexible function of child age and account for the potential moderating role of maternal co-morbid health risk behaviors. Using prospective, self-report data collected yearly from 413 mother–child dyads (210 mother–son dyads and 203 mother–daughter dyads) between child ages 12–17, the results indicate that the effect of maternal depressive symptoms on daughters’ depressive symptoms steadily increases throughout adolescence whereas the effect of maternal depressive symptoms on sons’ depressive symptoms is relatively small, stable, and non-significant during mid-adolescence before increasing in effect in later adolescence. A positive interactive effect between maternal depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence is observed for sons and maternal depressive symptoms and substance use for daughters. A negative interactive effect of maternal depressive symptoms and substance use is observed among sons. Overall, this study identifies particular subgroups for whom intervention programming is most beneficial and suggests targeting health risk behaviors of mothers to lessen the impact of maternal depressive symptoms on offspring.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Adrienne Freeman-Gallant, PhD. and Rebekah Chu, Ph.D. for their assistance in compiling, managing, and preparing the data for the analysis.
Authors’ Contributions
M.B.A. conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, performed the measurement and statistical analysis, and helped draft the manuscript; C.F. participated in its design and coordination and drafted the manuscript; K.H. conceived of the study, participated in its design and interpretation of the data, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
Support for the Rochester Youth Development Study and the Rochester Intergenerational Study has been provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (R01CE001572), the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2006-JW-BX-0074, 86-JN-CX-0007, 96-MU-FX-0014, 2004-MU-FX-0062), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA020195, R01DA005512), the National Science Foundation (SBR-9123299), and the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH56486, R01MH63386). Work on this project was also aided by grants to the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis at the University at Albany from NICHD (P30HD32041) and NSF (SBR-9512290).
Data Sharing Declaration
The data for this study are not currently available to the public, but provisions to deposit the Rochester Intergenerational Study data at the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research are currently underway.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Additionally, all research conducted was in compliance with the research procedures set forth by the University at Albany.
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Informed consent was obtained from all participants in this research and was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University at Albany.
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Figure 9
Probing significant interaction terms. These figures present models probing the significant interaction terms by presenting the figures of the interaction coefficients and 95% confidence intervals when covariates are centered at a one standard deviation below the mean, the mean, and one standard deviation above the mean. a Maternal depressive symptoms x maternal substance use among sons. a1 Evaluated at 1 SD below mean, a2evaluated at mean, a3 evaluated at 1 SD above mean. b Maternal depressive symptoms x maternal substance use among daughters. b1 Evaluated at 1 SD below mean, b2 evaluated at mean, b3 evaluated at 1 SD above mean. c Maternal depressive symptoms x maternal intimate partner violence (IPV) among sons. c1 Evaluated at 1 SD below mean, c2 evaluated at mean, c3 evaluated at 1 SD above mean
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Augustyn, M.B., Fulco, C.J. & Henry, K.L. Intergenerational Continuity in Depression: The Importance of Time-Varying Effects, Maternal Co-morbid Health Risk Behaviors and Child’s Gender. J Youth Adolescence 47, 2143–2168 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0805-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0805-2