Abstract
There is a lack of studies looking into religiosity and religious coping in cancer patient. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the religiosity using Duke University Religion Index, religious coping using Brief Religious Coping Scale, anxiety and depression based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale among 200 cancer patients. The association between religiosity and religious coping with anxiety and depression was studied. The findings showed that subjects with anxiety or depression used more negative religious coping and had lower non-organization religiosity. Hence, measurements in reducing negative religious coping and encouraging religious activities could help to reduce psychological distress in cancer patients.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Azri, M., Al-Awisi, H., & Al-Moundhri, M. (2009). Coping with a diagnosis of breast cancer-literature review and implications for developing countries. The Breast Journal, 15, 615–622.
Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A metaanalysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480.
Aukst-Margetić, B., Jakovljević, M., & Margetić, B. (2002). Depression, cancer and religiosity. Psychiatria Danubina, 14, 9–20.
Aukst-Margetić, B., & Margetić, B. (2005). Religiosity and health outcomes: Review of literature. Collegium Antropologicum, 29(1), 365–371.
Bergerot, C. D., Clark, K. L., Nonino, A., Waliany, S., Buso, M. M., & Loscalzo, M. (2015). Course of distress, anxiety, and depression in hematological cancer patients: Association between gender and grade of neoplasm. Palliative and Supportive Care, 13(2), 115–123.
Block, S. D. (2006). Psychological issues in end-of-life care. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9(3), 751–772.
Bowie, J., Curbo, B., Laveist, T., Fitzgerald, S., & Pargament, K. (2001). The relationship between religious coping style and anxiety over breast cancer in African-American women. Journal of Religion and Health, 40, 411–424.
Braam, A. W., Eeden, V. D., Prince, M. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Kivelä, S.-L., Lawlor, B. A., et al. (2001). Religion as a cross cultural determinant of depression in elderly Europeans: Results from the EURODEP collaboration. Psychological Medicine, 31, 803–814.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 67–283.
Derogatis, L. R., Morrow, G. R., Fetting, J., Penman, D., Piasetsky, S., Schmale, A. M., et al. (1983). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cancer patients. JAMA, 249(6), 751–757. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330300035030.
Dimeo, F., Schmittel, A., Fietz, T., Schwartz, S., Köhler, P., Böning, D., et al. (2004). Physical performance, depression, immune status and fatigue in patients with hematological malignancies after treatment. Annals of Oncology, 15, 1237–1242.
Dull, V. T., & Skokan, L. A. (1995). A cognitive model of religion’s influence on health. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 49–64.
Ell, K., Sanchez, K., Vourlekis, B., Lee, P. J., Dwight-Johson, M., Lagomasino, I., et al. (2005). Depression, correlates of depression, and receipt of depression care among low-income women with breast or gynecologic cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(13), 3052–3060.
Emblen, J. D. (1992). Religion and spirituality defined according to current use in nursing literature. Journal of Professional Nursing, 8, 41–47.
Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. (2005). Religious and spiritual struggles. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 315–330). New York: Guilford.
Fitchett, G., Murphy, P. E., Kim, J., Gibbons, J. L., Cameron, J. R., & Davis, J. A. (2004). Religious struggle: Prevalence correlates and mental health risks in diabetic, congestive heart failure, and oncology patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 34, 179–196.
Friedman, L. C., Lehane, D., Webb, J. A., Weinberg, A. D., & Cooper, H. P. (1994). Anxiety in medical situations and chemotherapy-related problems among cancer patients. Journal of Cancer Education, 9(1), 37–41.
Gall, T. L. (2000). Integrating religious resources within a general model of stress and coping: Long-term adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Religion and Health, 64, 65–92.
Gall, T. L. (2004). The role of religious coping in adjustment to prostate cancer. Cancer Nursing, 27(6), 454–461.
Garssen, B., & de Jager Meezenbroek, E. (2007). Response to letter from P. Salander. Psychooncology, 16, 93–94.
Greeson, J. M., Smoski, M. J., Suarez, E. C., Brantley, J. G., Ekblad, A. G., Lynch, T. R., et al. (2015). Decreased symptoms of depression after mindfulness-based stress reduction: Potential moderating effects of religiosity, spirituality, trait mindfulness, sex, and age. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(3), 166–174. doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0285.
Hackney, C. H., & Sanders, G. S. (2003). Religiosity and mental health: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 43–55.
Hebert, R., Zdaniuk, B., Schulz, R., & Scheier, M. (2009). Positive and negative religious coping and well-being in women with breast cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(6), 537–545.
Hood, R. W., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B., & Gorsuch, R. (1996). The psychology of religion. New York: Guilford.
Jadoon, N. A., Munir, W., Shahzad, M. A., & Choudhry, Z. S. (2010). Assessment of depression and anxiety in adult cancer outpatients: A cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer, 10, 594.
Jenkins, R. A., & Pargament, K. I. (1995). Religion and spirituality as resources for coping with cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 13, 51–74.
Jimmie, C. H., & Julia, H. R. (1989). Handbook of psychooncology: Psychological care of the patient with cancer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jin, S. H., & Jun, T. (2014). Prevalence of anxiety and depression and their risk factors in Chinese cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 22(2), 453–459.
Jørgensen, L., Laursen, B. S., Garne, J. P., Sherman, K. A., & Søgaard, M. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of distress in women taking part in surgical continuity of care for breast cancer: A cohort study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2016.01.004.
Kappeli, S. (2000). Between suffering and redemption. Religious motives in Jewish and Christian cancer patients’ coping. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 14, 82–88.
Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): A five-item measure for use in epidemiological studies. Religions, 1, 78–85.
Koenig, H. G., Cohen, H. J., Blazer, D. G., Pieper, C., Meador, K. G., Shelp, F., et al. (1992). Religious coping and depression among elderly, hospitalized medically ill men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1693–1700.
Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., & Peterson, B. L. (1998a). Religiosity and remission of depression in medically ill older patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 536–542.
Koenig, H. G., Hays, J. C., George, L. K., Blazer, D. G., Larson, D. B., & Landerman, L. R. (1997). Modeling the cross-sectional relationships between religion, physical health, social support, and depressive symptoms. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 131–144.
Koenig, H. G., Larson, D. B., & Durham, N. C. (1998b). Use of hospital services, religious attendance and religious affiliation. Southern Medical Journal, 91, 925–932.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Low, C. A., Stanton, A. L., Thompson, N., Kwan, L., & Ganz, P. A. (2006). Contextual life stress and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment to breast cancer survivorship. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 235–244.
Lueboonthavatchai, P. (2007). Prevalence and psychosocial factors of anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 90(10), 2164–2174.
Lutgendorf, S. K., Anderson, B., Ullrich, P., Johnsenet, E. L., Buller, R. E., Sood, A. K., et al. (2002). Quality of life and mood in women with gynecologic cancer: A one year prospective study. Cancer, 94, 131–140.
Mausbach, B. T., Schwab, R. B., & Irwin, S. A. (2015). Depression as a predictor of adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in women with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 152, 239–246.
McBride, J. L., Arthur, G., Brooks, R., & Pilkington, L. (1998). The relationship between a patient’s spirituality and health experiences. Family Medicine, 30, 122–126.
McCullough, M. E., Hoyt, W. T., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & Thoresen, C. (2000). Religious involvement and mortality: A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology, 19, 211–222.
Merriam, S., & Muhamad, M. (2013). Roles traditional healers play in cancer treatment in Malaysia: Implications for health promotion and education. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, 3593–3601.
Mols, F., Korfage, I. J., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Kil, P. J. M., Coebergh, J. W. W., Essink-Bot, M. L., et al. (2009). Bowel, urinary, and sexual problems among long-term prostate cancer survivors: A population-based study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 73(1), 30–38.
Musick, M. A., Koeing, H. G., Larson, B., & Matthews, D. (1998). Religion and spiritual beliefs. In J. Holland (Ed.), Psycho-oncology (pp. 780–789). New York: Oxford University Press.
Ng, C. G., Mohamed, S., Tai, Y. W., Haris, A., Zainal, N. Z., & Sulaiman, A. H. (2014). Comparison of psychotropic prescriptions between oncology and cardiology inpatients: Result from a pharmacy database in a teaching hospital in Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(10), 4261–4264.
Nordin, K., Glimelius, B., Påhlman, L., & Sjödén, P. O. (1996). Anxiety, depression and worry in gastrointestinal cancer patients attending medical follow-up control visits. Acta Oncologica, 35(4), 411–416.
Nurasikin, M. S., Aini, A., Aida Syarinaz, A. A., & Ng, C. G. (2010). Validity and reliability of the Malay version of Duke University Religion Index (DUREL-M) among a group of nursing student. MJP, 19(2), 68–72.
Nurasikin, M. S., Khatijah, L. A., Aini, A., Ramli, A., Aida, S. A., Zainal, N. Z., et al. (2012). Religiousness, religious coping methods and distress level among psychiatric patients in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(4), 332–338.
Olson, M. M., Trevino, D. B., Geske, J. A., & Vanderpool, H. (2012). Religious coping and mental health outcomes: An exploratory study of socioeconomically disadvantaged patients. Explore (NY), 8, 172–176.
Pargament, K. I., Ensing, K. F., Olsen, H., Reilly, B., van Haitsma, K., & Warren, R. (1990). God help me: (I): Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to significant negative life events. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 798–824.
Pargament, K. I., Kennell, J., Hathaway, W., Grevengoed, N., Newman, J., & Jones, W. (1998a). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 90–104.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543.
Pargament, K. I., Zinnbauer, B. J., Scott, A. B., Butter, E. M., Zerowin, J., & Stanik, P. (1998b). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 77–89.
Rand, K. L., Cripe, L. D., Monahan, P. O., Tong, Y., Schmidt, K., & Rawl, S. M. (2011). Illness appraisal, religious coping, and psychological responses in men with advanced cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 20(8), 1719–1728.
Rohani, C., Abedi, H. A., Omranipour, R., & Langius-Eklöf, A. (2015). Health-related quality of life and the predictive role of sense of coherence, spirituality and religious coping in a sample of Iranian women with breast cancer: A prospective study with comparative design. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 40. doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0229-1.
Ronneberg, C. R., Miller, E. A., Dugan, E., & Porell, F. (2016). The protective effects of religiosity on depression: A 2-year prospective study. Gerontologist, 56(3), 421–431. doi:10.1093/geront/gnu073.
Şahin, Z. A., Tan, M., & Polat, H. (2013). Hopelessness, depression and social support with end of life turkish cancer patients. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(5), 2823–2828.
Salleh, H. M., Shaharom M. H., Nor M. I. M., Shamsuddin, K., Kassim, K., Ismail, R., et al. (1999). Hatta Islamic religiosity scale 1996 (HIRS96)—A reliability and validity study. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 5–14.
Sherman, A. C., Simonton, S., Latif, U., Spohn, R., & Tricot, G. (2005). Religious struggle and religious comfort in response to illness: Health outcomes among stem cell transplant patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 359–367.
Siegel, K., Anderman, S. J., & Scrimshaw, E. W. (2001). Religion and coping with health related stress. Psychology and Health, 16, 631–653.
Singer, S., Kuhnt, S., Gotze, H., Hauss, J., Hinz, A., Liebmann, A., et al. (2009). Hospital anxiety and depression scale cutoff scores for cancer patients in acute care. British Journal of Cancer, 100, 908–912.
Soo, H. K., Byung, H. S., & Sook, Y. H. (2008). Fatigue and depression in disease-free breast cancer survivors: Prevalence, correlates, and association with quality of life. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 35, 644–655.
Spilka, B., Hood, R. W., Hunsberger, B., & Gorsuch, R. (2003). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Stanton, L. A., Danoff-burg, S., & Huggins, M. E. (2002). The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: Hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment. Psycho-Oncology, 11(2), 93–102.
Tarakeshwar, N., Vanderwerker, L. C., Paulk, E., Pearce, M. J., Kasl, S. V., & Prigerson, H. G. (2006). Religious coping is associated with the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. Journla of Palliative Medicine, 9(3), 646–657.
Taylor, E. J., Outlaw, F. H., Bernardo, T. R., & Roy, A. (1999). Spiritual conflicts associated with praying about cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 8, 386–394.
Thuné-Boyle, I. C., Stygall, J. A., Keshtgar, M. R., & Newman, S. P. (2006). Do religious/spiritual coping strategies affect illness adjustment in patients with cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature, 63(1), 151–164.
Tix, A. P., & Frazier, P. A. (1998). The use of religious coping during stressful life events. Main effects, moderation, and mediation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 411–422.
Trevino, K. M., Archambault, E., Schuster, J., Richardson, P., & Moye, J. (2012). Religious coping and psychological distress in military veteran cancer survivors. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(1), 87–98. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9526-0.
Trevino, K. M., Balboni, M., Zollfrank, A., Balboni, T., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014). Negative religious coping as a correlate of suicidal ideation in patients with advanced cancer. Psychooncology, 23(8), 936–945. doi:10.1002/pon.3505.
Vahdaninia, M., Omidvari, S., & Montazeri, A. (2009). What do predict anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients?. A follow-up study: Social Psychiatry and Psycgiatric Epidemiology. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0068-7.
Yangarber-Hicks, N. (2004). Religious coping styles and recovery from serious mental illness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32, 105–117.
Yusoff, N., Low, W. Y., & Yip, C. H. (2009). Reliability and validity of the Malay version of Brief COPE Scale: A study on malaysian women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. MJP, 18(1), 27–35.
Yusoff, N., Low, W. Y., & Yip, C. H. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Malay version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: A study of husbands of breast cancer patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 12, 915–917.
Zainal, N. Z., Nik-Jaafarm, N. R., Baharudin, A., Sabki, Z. A., & Ng, C. G. (2013). Prevalence of depression in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review of observational studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(4), 2649–2656.
Zamanian, H., Eftekhar-Ardebili, H., Eftekhar-Ardebili, M., Shojaeizadeh, D., Nedjat, S., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., et al. (2015). Religious coping and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(17), 7721–7725.
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 67, 361–370.
Zwingmann, C., Wirtz, M., Müller, C., Körber, J., & Murken, S. (2006). Positive and negative religious coping in German breast cancer patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2, 533–547.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ng, G.C., Mohamed, S., Sulaiman, A.H. et al. Anxiety and Depression in Cancer Patients: The Association with Religiosity and Religious Coping. J Relig Health 56, 575–590 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0267-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0267-y