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Recent Developments in Flame-Retardant Lignin-Based Biocomposite: Manufacturing, and characterization

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Abstract

Lignin with a phenolic structure can act as a fire retardant, but different origins of lignin and extraction methods impact the fire behavior capabilities. The thermal characteristics of lignin, such as glass transition (Tg) temperature, thermal degradation, molecular weight, lignin purity, and phenolic content, influence the capability of lignin as a flame retardant (FR) by causing significant char residue. However, lignin faced significant constraints in the final polymer to meet industry requirements, with the main issue being a lack of homogeneity when blending lignin with polymeric matrices. To improve the FR performance of lignin, various advances have been taken such as altering lignin with nitrogen and/or phosphorus chemicals, as well as shrinking lignin to the nanoscale to reduce lignin aggregation with matrices and obtaining considerable FR behavior in which FR system, lignin can present as a single component, lignin-based composite, modified lignin, and nano lignin. The present review addresses the manufacture of lignin as FR and the attributes of the product with lignin added to the system. It also covers the structure, source, extraction technique, physical-chemical properties, and chemical modification of lignin as an FR source, as well as the basic principle of flame retardancy, influencing factors (current development and application till the industrial analysis need of FR). Throughout this review, it aids in the discovery of a better strategy to introduce lignin as a source of bio-based FR for achieving the low cost in the fabrication method of FR.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Deputy for Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research and Technology in the National Competitive Research grant from the Deputy of Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency 2021 Fiscal Year (95/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-DRPM/2021) and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) provide by Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2018/WAB07/UPM//1).This study was supported by a cooperation agreement No: 001/Greenei-KS/VII/2021 and B-6022/III/LS.01.01/07/2021 betweem Resaerch Center for Biomaterial and PT Greenei Alam Indonesia FY 2021-2023.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, 16911, Cibinong, Indonesia

    Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat, Alif Faturahman Hidayat & Widya Fatriasari

  2. Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, 16680, Bogor, Indonesia

    Alif Faturahman Hidayat

  3. Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

    Mohamad Nurul Azman Mohammad Taib & M. Hazwan Hussin

  4. Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Seng Hua Lee, Muhammad Aizat Abd Ghani & Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus

  5. Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000, Metz, France

    Henri Vahabi

Authors
  1. Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat
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  2. Alif Faturahman Hidayat
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  3. Mohamad Nurul Azman Mohammad Taib
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  4. M. Hazwan Hussin
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  5. Seng Hua Lee
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  6. Muhammad Aizat Abd Ghani
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  7. Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus
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  8. Henri Vahabi
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  9. Widya Fatriasari
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Widya Fatriasari], [Alif Faturahman Hidayat], [Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat], [Azman Mohammad Taib], [M. Hazwan Hussin], [Lee Seng Hua] and [Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat], [Widya Fatriasari], [Azman Mohammad Taib], [M. Hazwan Hussin], [Henri Vahabi], [Lee Seng Hua], and [Muhammad Aizat Abdul Ghani] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Seng Hua Lee or Widya Fatriasari.

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Solihat, N.N., Hidayat, A.F., Taib, M.N.A.M. et al. Recent Developments in Flame-Retardant Lignin-Based Biocomposite: Manufacturing, and characterization. J Polym Environ 30, 4517–4537 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02494-2

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