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Metastable Phases of Liquid and Solid \(^4\)He

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Abstract

Experiments and theories describing the metastable phases of liquid and solid \(^4\)He are presented and discussed. For the case of metastable liquid \(^4\)He with respect to its gaseous phase, it is shown that different measurements of its destabilization threshold (cavitation threshold) and their comparisons to available theories reveal that the nucleation mechanism is not totally understood. Then experiments measuring typical lifetime of cavitation bubbles in He I and He II are shortly considered showing the important role of heat transport mechanism during their collapse. Finally for liquid \(^4\)He, its metastability with respect to its solid phase and the possibility of the liquid destabilization due to the vanishing of the roton gap is presented. The last part of the review is devoted to metastable solid \(^4\)He with respect to its liquid phase. The first experimental production of such a state is described and its destabilization limit possibly invoking the creation and proliferation of crystalline defects is discussed.

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Notes

  1. Two other groups have obtained similar results than Sinha et al. [6] in the same temperature range, these are Semenova et al. [7] and Nishigaki et al. [8].

  2. \(\rho _\mathrm{stat}\) is the static density of liquid \(^4\)He at static pressure \(P_\mathrm{stat}\).

  3. The roton wavelength is close to the average distance between \(^4\)He atoms in the liquid.

  4. Namely the extrapolation of the (\(P_\mathrm{stat},\rho _\mathrm{stat}\cdot V_\mathrm{C}\)) to \(V_\mathrm{C}=0\), \(P_\mathrm{stat},\rho _\mathrm{stat}\) are, respectively, the static pressure and densities of the cell and \(V_\mathrm{C}\) the voltage needed to nucleate a crystal, as explained in Sect. 2.1 for cavitation pressure measurements.

  5. As mentioned by Caupin and Maris in that paper, the thin wall approximation becomes “suspect” at such high pressure where the critical radius of a solid germ is comparable to the interatomic spacing.

  6. Grilly [56] has measured that the quasi isotropic compressibility \(\chi =269\) bar of hcp solid \(^4\)He is relatively independent (maximum of 2% variations) of pressure for pressures between 25 and 27 bar on the melting curve.

  7. It must be noted however that in the Cheng and Beamish experiment [65], the strain rates are about \(10^{-5}\) \(\hbox {s}^{-1}\), far away from the MHz modulation of ref [57].

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following persons for stimulating and enlightening discussions regarding this topic: J. Dupont-Roc, F. Souris, A. Qu, A. Trimèche, E. Rolley, P.E. Wolf, F. Caupin, S.Balibar, L. Skrbek and the following ones for the impulse and motivations they gave me for writing this review : P. Leiderer, L. Skrbek, L. Bromet, J. Catherine, A. Laliotis, J.M. Manceau and O. Morizot. I am much indebted to my colleague Prof. Ph. Jacquier, who sadly passed away recently (24/01/2019), for his great investment and his constant motivation in our common work.

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  1. Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France

    Jules Grucker

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Grucker, J. Metastable Phases of Liquid and Solid \(^4\)He. J Low Temp Phys 197, 149–166 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02212-8

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