Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Influence of the Physiological Stage of Lucilia Caesar (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Females on the Attraction of Carrion Odor

  • Published:
Journal of Insect Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the relationship between physiological conditions, including oogenesis and gravidity, and attraction to carcass odors was examined in order to discover how the attractivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) varied in females of the necrophagous fly Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Thus we want to shed some light on settlement behavior of scavenger flies. In bioassays with a decomposed mouse (Mus musculus), mixtures of synthetic compounds and flies of several physiological states, we observed rates of attraction and found compound classes that attract the different physiological stages. We found that a protein-poor diet increased the attraction to a carcass, especially between the age of 3 and 7 days. 7-day old females were attracted to cyclic compounds when mated and after exposure to a protein-poor nutrition, whereas they responded to fatty acids when mated after exposure to a protein-enriched diet. Furthermore we found that only with a protein-rich diet did the gonadal development complete with mature eggs in the Xth stadium between seven and 10 days and an overlapping second cycle with eggs in the Vth stadium at day 10.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aak A, Knudsen GK (2011) Sex differences in olfaction-mediated visual acuity in blowflies and its consequences for gender-specific trapping. Entomol Exp et Applicata 139:25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aak A, Knudsen GK (2012) Egg developmental status and the complexity of synthetic kairomones combine to influence attraction behaviour in the blowfly Calliphora vicina. Physiol Entomol 37:127–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aak A, Knudsen GK, Soleng A (2010) Wind tunnel behavioural response and field trapping of the blowfly Calliphora vicina. Med Vet Entomol 24:250–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aak A, Birkemoe T, Knudsen GK (2011) Efficient mass trapping - catching the pest species Calliphora vicina (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in Norwegian stockfish production. J Chem Ecol 37:924–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams TS, Mulla MS (1967) The reproductive biology of Hippelates collusor (Diptera: Chloropidae). II Gametogenesis. Ann Entomol Soc Am 60:1177–1182

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams TS, Reinecke JP (1979) The reproductive physiology of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae). I Oogenesis. J Med Entomol 15(5–6):472–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aluja M, Díaz-Fleischer F, Papaj DR, Lagunes G, Sivinski J (2001) Effects of age, diet, female density, and the host resource on egg load in Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Inst Physiol 47:975–988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GS, VanLaerhoven L (1996) Initial studies on insect succession on carrion in Southwestern British Columbia. J Forensic Sci 41:617–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer MS, Elgar MA (2003) Effects of decomposition on carcass attendance in a guild of carrion-breeding flies. Med Vet Entomol 17:263–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth JR, Wall R (1994) Responses of the sheep blowflies Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina to odor and the development of semiochemical baits. Med Vet Entomol 8:303–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth JR, Wall R (1995) Effects of ovarien development and protein deprivation on the activity and locomotor responses of the blowfly Lucilia sericata, to liver odour. Physiol Entomol 20:281–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton-Browne L (1993) Physiologically induced changes in resource-oriented behavior. Ann Rev Entomol 38:1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton-Browne L (2001) Quantitative aspects of the regulation of ovarian development in selected anautogenous Diptera: integration of endocrinology and nutrition. Entomol Exp Appl 100:137–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton-Browne L, Bartell RJ, Shorey HH (1969) Pheromone-mediated behavior leading to group oviposition in the blowfly Lucilia cuprina. J Ins Physiol 15:1003–1014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton-Browne L, Van Gerwen ACM, Smith PH (1987) Relationship between mated status of females and their stage of ovarian development in field populations of the australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bull Entomol Res 77:609–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boeddeker N, Kern R, Egelhaaf M (2003) Chasing a dummy target: smooth pursuit and velocity control in male blowflies. Proc R Soc B 270:393–399

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borgia G (1981) Mate selection in the fly Scatophaga stercoraria: female choice in a male-controlled system. Anim Behav 29:71–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broce AB (1980) Sexual behavior of screwworm flies stimulated by swormlure-2. Ann Entomol Soc Am 73:386–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broughan JM, Wall R (2006) Control of sheep blowfly strike using fly-traps. Vet Parasitol 135:57–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce TJA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (2005) Insect host location: a volatile situation. Trends Plant Sci 10:269–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carsten LD, Papaj DR (2005) Effects of reproductive state and host resource experience on mating decisions in a walnut fly. Behav Ecol 16:528–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cork A (1994) Identification of electrophysiologically-active compounds for new-world screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, in larval wound fluid. Med Vet Entomol 8:151–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cork A, Hall MJR (2007) Development of an odour-baited target for female New world screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax: studies with host baits and synthetic wound fluids. Med Vet Entomol 21:85–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cossé AA, Baker TC (1996) House flies and pig manure volatiles: wind tunnel behavioral studies and electrophysiological evaluations. J Agri Entomol 13:301–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Cragg JB (1956) The olfactory behavior of Lucilia species (Diptera) under natural conditions. Ann Appl Biol 44:467–477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crnjar R, Yin CM, Stoffolano JG Jr, Tomassini BI, Liscia A, Angioy AM (1990) Influence of age on the electroantennogram response of the female blowfly Phormia-regina Diptera Calliphoridae. J Ins Physiol 36:917–922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dent BB, Forbes SL, Stuart BH (2004) Review of human decomposition process in soil. Environ Geol 45:576–585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dethier VG (1961) Behavioral aspects of protein ingestion by the blowfly, Phormia regina Meigen. Biol Bull Mar Biol Lab W H 121:456–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisemann CH, Rice MJ (1992) Attractants for the gravid Queensland fruit fly Dacus tryoni. Entomol Exp Appl 62:125–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed AM, Heppelthwaite VJ, Manning LM, Gibb AR, Suckling DM (2005) Volatile constituents of fermented sugar baits and their attraction to Lepidopteran Species. J Agric Food Chem 53:953–958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmens RL, Murray MD (1982) The role of bacterial odours in oviposition by Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), the Australian sheep blowfly. Bull Entomol Res 72:367–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes L, Gomes G, Casarin FE, Da Silva IM, Sanches MR, Von Zuben CJ, Fowler HG (2007) Visual and olfactory factors interaction in resource-location by the blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera : Calliphoridae), in natural conditions. Neotrop Entomol 36:633–639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammak L, Bromel M, Duh FM, Gassner G (1987) Reproductive factors affecting responses of the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), to an attractant of bacterial origin. Ann Entomol Soc Am 80:775–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson BS (1999) Insect olfaction. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow PM (1956) A study of ovarian development and its relation to adult nutrition in the blowfly Protophormia terrae-novae (R.D.). J Exp Biol 33:777–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartlieb E, Anderson P (1999) Chapter 11: Olfactory-released behavuiours. In: Hansson B (ed) Insect olfaction. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 315–349

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey B, Bakewell M, Felton T, Stafford K, Coles GC, Wall R (2010) Comparison of traps for the control of sheep blowfly in the UK. Med Vet Entomol 24:210–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes EJ, Wall R, Smith KE (1999) Mortality rate, reproductive output, and trap response bias in populations of the blowfly Lucilia sericata. Ecol Entomol 24:300–307

  • Jang EB (1995) Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the Female Mediterranean Fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. J Ins Physiol 41:705–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jang EB (2002) Physiology of mating behavior in Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): chemoreception and male accessory gland fluids in female post-mating behavior. Flor Entomol 85:89–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen H, Solum M, Knudsen GK, Hågvar EB, Norli HR, Aak A (2014) Blow fly responses to semiochemicals produced by decaying carcasses. Med Vet Entomol 28:26–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SD, Jürgens A (2010) Convergent evolution of carrion and faecal scent mimicry in fly-pollinated angiosperm flowers and a stinkhorn fungus. S Afr J Bot 76:796–807

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalinová B, Podskalská H, Růžička J, Hoskoec M (2009) Irresistible bouquet of death – how are burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorus) attracted by carcasses. Naturwiss 96:889–899

  • Kasper J, Caspers B, Wessel A et al The attraction of different decomposition stages to Lucilia caesar (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Physiol. Entomol. accepted

  • Kasper J, Mumm R, Ruther J (2012) The composition of carcass volatile profiles in relation to storage time and climate conditions. Forensic Sci Int 223:64–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelling FJ (2001) Olfaction in houseflies – morphology and electrophysiology, 7th edn. Universty Library Groningen, Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, pp 105–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Altreuter DH, Clark DS, Dordick JS (1998) Rapid synthesis of fatty acid esters for use as potential food flavors. JAOCS 75:1109–1113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachmann AD, Papaj DR (2001) Effect of host stimuli on ovariole development in the walnut fly, Rhagoletis juglandis (Diptera, Tephritidae). Physiol Entomol 26:38–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurence BR, Pickett JA (1985) An oviposition pheromone for Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 75:283–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leal WS (1998) Chemical ecology of phytophagous scarab beetles. Annu Rev Entomol 43:39–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackerras MJ (1933) Observations on the life-histories. Nutritional requirements and fecundity of blowflies. Bull Entomol Res 24:353–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malo EA, Cruz-López L, Toledo J, Del Mazo A, Virgen A, Rojas JC (2005) Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of the mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to guava volatiles. Flor Entomol 88:364–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCall PJ, Cameron MM (1995) Oviposition pheromones in insect vectors. Parasitol Today 11:352–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morehead SA, Feener DH (2000) Visual and chemical cues used in host location and acceptance by a dipteran parasitoid. J Ins Behav 13:613–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris MC, Morrison L, Joyce MA, Rabel B (1998) Trapping sheep blowflies with lures based on bacterial cultures. Aust J Exp Agric 38:125–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa A, Iwama A, Mizukami A (1994) Age-dependant changes related to reproductive development in the odor preference of blowflies, Phormia regina and fleshflies, Boetteherisca peregrina. Zool Sci 11:725–730

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilssen AC, Tømmerås BÅ, Schmid R, Evensen SB (1996) Dimethyl trisulphide is a strong attractant for some calliphorids and a muscid but not for the reindeer oestrids Hypoderma tarandi and Cephenemyia trompe. Entomol Exp Appl 79:211–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris KR (1965) The bionomics of blowflies. Ann Rev Entomol 10:47–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omar AH (1992) Protein in the diet of male blowfly, Chrysomyia albiceps (Wiedemann). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 22:137–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otronen M (1995) Energy reserves and mating success in males of the yellow dung Fly, scathophaga stercoraria. Funct Ecol 9:683–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paczkowski S, Maibaum F, Paczkowska M, Schutz S (2012) Decaying mouse volatiles perceived by calliphora vicina Rob.-desv. J Forensic Sci 57:1497–1506

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papaj DR (2000) Ovarian dynamics and host use. Ann Rev Entomol 45:423–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papaj DR (2005) Ovarian dynamics in relation to host quality in the walnut-infesting Fly, rhagoletis juglandis. Funct Ecol 19:396–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker GA (1968) The sexual behavior of the blowfly, protophormia terrae-novae R-D. Behavior 32:291–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker GA (1970a) The reproductive behavior and the nature of sexual selection in Scatophaga stercoraria L. (Diptera: Scatophagidae): I. Diurnal and seasonal changes in population density around the site of mating and oviposition. J Anim Ecol 39:185–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker GA (1970b) The reproductive behavior and the nature of sexual selection in scatophaga stercoraria L. (diptera: scatophagidae): II. The fertilization rate and the spatial and temporal relationships of each sex around the site of mating and oviposition. J Anim Ecol 39:205–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker GA (1974) The reproductive behavior and the nature of sexual selection in scatophaga stercoraria L. (diptera: scatophagidae). IX. Spatial distribution of fertilization rates and evolution of male search strategy within the reproductive area. Evolution 28:93–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeil RM, Mumma RO (1993) Bioassassay for evaluating attraction of the phorid fly, Megaselia halterata to compost colonized by the commercial mushroom, Agaricus bisporus and to 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. Entomol Exp Appl 69:137–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podskalská H, Růžička J, Hoskovec M, Šálek M (2009) Use of infochemicals to attract carrion beetles into pitfall traps. Entomol Exp Appl 132:59–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock JN (1971) An experimentally tested model of the cumulative mating frequency curve for Lucilia sericata (Mg.) (Diptera: Calliphridae). Bull Entomol Res 60:671–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponnusamy L, Xu N, Nojima S, Wesson DM, Schal C, Apperson CS (2008) Identification of bacteria and bacteria-associated chemical cues that mediate oviposition site preferences by Aedes aegypti. Proceed Nal Acad Sci 105:9262–9267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robacker DC, Lauzon CR (2002) Purine metabolizing capability of Enterobacter agglomerans affects volatiles production and attractiveness to Mexican fruit fly. J Chem Ecol 28:1549–1563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robacker DC, Lauzon CR, He X (2004) Volatiles production and attractiveness to the Mexican fruit fly of Enterobacter agglomerans isolated from apple maggot and Mexican fruit flies. J Chem Ecol 30:1329–1347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoefield S, Cork A, Brady J (1995) Electroantennogram responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, to components of host odor. Physiol Entomol 20:273–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuhmann H (1965) Merkblaetter ueber angewandte parasirtenkunde und schaedlingsbekaempfung. Merkblatt Nr. 11 Die schmeissfliegengattung calliphora. Angew Parasitol 6:1–17 [Suppliment]

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuhmann H (1971) Merkblaetter ueber angewandte parasirtenkund und schaedlingsbekaempfung. Merkblatt Nr. 18, Die gattung Lucilia (goldfliegen). Angew Parasitol 12:1–20 [Suppliment]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shorey HH, Bartell RJ, Browe LBB (1969) Sexual stimulation of males of Lucilia cuprina (Calliphoridae) and Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophilidae) by the odors of aggregation sites. Ann Entomol Soc Am 62:1419–1421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel S, Castellan NJ (1988) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Simopoulos AP, Salem N (1992) Egg yolk as a source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant feeding. Jr Am J Clin Nutr 55:411–414

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivinski J (1988) Unusual female-aggregated mating systems in phorid flies. J Ins Behav 1:123–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spike BP, Wright RJ, Danielson SD, Stanley-Samuelson DW (1991) The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids and triacylglycerols from two chinch bug species Blissus leucopterus leucopterus and B. iowensis (Insecta: Hemiptera; Lygaeidae) are similar to the characteristic dipteran pattern. Comp Biochem Physiol B 99:799–802

    Google Scholar 

  • Staedler E (2002) Chemoecology of insect eggs and Egg deposition, plant chemical cues important for egg deposition in herbivorous insects. In: Hilker M, Meiners T (eds) Chemoecology of insects, 7th edn. Blackwell Verlag GmbH, Berlin – Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley-Samuelson DW, Jurenka RA, Cripps C, Blomquist GJ, de Renobales M (1988) Fatty acids in insects: composition, metabolism and biological significance. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 9:1–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steidle JLM, Schöller M (1997) Olfactory host location and learning in the granary weevil parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J Ins Behav 10:331–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stensmyr MC, Urru I, Collu I, Celander M, Hansson BS, Angioy A-M (2002) Pollination: rotting smell of dead-horse arum florets. Nature 420:625–626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens J, Wall R (1997) The evolution of ectoparasitism in the genus Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Int J Parasitol 27:51–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoffalano JG, Bartley MM, Yin C-M (1990) Male and female phormia Regina (diptera: calliphoridae) trapped at two different baits in the field. Ann Entomol Soc Am 83:603–606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoffolano JG, Li M-F, Sutton JA, Yin C-M (1995) Feces feeding by adult phormia Regina (diptera: calliphoridae): impact on reproduction. Med Vet Entomol 9:388–392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theunissen J (1973) Egg chamber development in the onion fly, hylemya antiqua (meigen) (diptera: anthomyiidae). Int J Insect Morph Embryol 2:87–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urech R, Green PE, Rice MJ, Brown GW, Duncalfe F, Webb P (2004) Composition of chemical attractants affects trap catches of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and other blowflies. Jo Chem Ecol 30:851–866

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urech R, Green PE, Rice MJ, Brown GW, Webb P, Jordan D, Wingett M, Mayer DG, Butler L, Joshua E, Evans I, Toohey L, Dadour IR (2009) Suppression of populations of Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a novel blowfly trap. Austr J Entomol 48:182–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Niet T, Hansen DM, Johnson SD (2011) Carrion mimicry in a South African orchid: flowers attract a narrow subset of the fly assemblage on animal carcasses. Ann Bot 107:981–992

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vass AA, Smith RR, Thompson CV, Burnett MN, Wolf DA, Synstelien JA, Dulgerien N, Eckenrode BA (2004) Decompositional odor analysis database. J Forensic Sci 49:760–769

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt WG, Woodburn TL, Tyndale-Biscoe M (1974) A method of age determination in Lucilia cuprina using cyclic changes in the female reproductive system. Bull Entomol Res 64:365–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl HG, Hoffmann A, Luft D, Liebich HM (1999) Analysis of volatile organic compounds in human urine by headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with a multipurpose sampler. J Chromatogr 847:117–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wall R, Fisher P (2001) Visual and olfactory cue interaction in resource- location by the blowfly, Lucilia sericata. Physiol Entomol 26:212–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wall R, Warnes ML (1994) Responses of the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata to carrion odour and carbon dioxide. Entomol Exp Appl 3:239–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodard CBS (2006) Odour masking of a vertebrate carcass by a burying beetle (Nicrophorus marginatus). - A thesis in biology for the Degree of Master of Science, Faculty of Texas Tech University

  • Woodburn TL, Vogt WG (1982) Attractiveness of merino sheep before and after death to adults of Lucilia cuprina (wiedemann) (diptera: calliphoridae). J Aust Entomol Soc 21:131–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin C-M, Zou B-X, Li M-F, Stoffolano JG Jr (1993) Discovery of a midgut peptide hormone which activates the endocrine cascade leading to oogenesis in Phormia regina (Meigen). J Ins Physiol 39:165–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu JWJ, Chaudhury MF, Tangtrakulwanich K, Skoda SR (2013) Identification of oviposition attractants of the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) released from rotten chicken liver. J Chem Ecol 39:1407–1414

  • Zou BX, Yin CM, Stoffolano JG, Tobe SS (1989) Juvenile hormone biosynthesis and release during oocyte development in phormia Regina meigen. Physiol Entomol 14:233–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to M. Hilker and J. Ruther for providing the synthetic chemicals and advice for the set up. In particular we thank C. Timm for his contribution to illustrations and for essential comments on this article. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for comments to an earlier version of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NZ BioSecure Entomology Laboratory, PO Box 38 328, Lower Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand

    Julia Kasper

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand

    Stephen Hartley

  3. Department for Research, Museum of Natural History – Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Julia Kasper, Sonia Schatkowski & Hannelore Hoch

Authors
  1. Julia Kasper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephen Hartley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sonia Schatkowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hannelore Hoch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julia Kasper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kasper, J., Hartley, S., Schatkowski, S. et al. The Influence of the Physiological Stage of Lucilia Caesar (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Females on the Attraction of Carrion Odor. J Insect Behav 28, 183–201 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9491-7

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9491-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation