Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Simulated Herbivory Affects the Volatile Emissions of Oak Saplings, while Neighbourhood Affects Flavan-3-ols Content of Their Leaves

  • Research
  • Published:
Journal of Chemical Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To what extent particular plant defences against herbivorous insects are constitutive or inducible will depend on the costs and benefits in their neighbourhood. Some defensive chemicals in leaves are thought to be costly and hard to produce rapidly, while others, including volatile organic compounds that attract natural enemies, might be cheaper and can be released rapidly. When surrounding tree species are more closely related, trees can face an increased abundance of both specialist herbivores and their parasitoids, potentially increasing the benefits of constitutive and inducible defences. To test if oaks (Quercus robur) respond more to herbivore attacks with volatile emission than with changes in leaf phenolic chemistry and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C: N), and whether oaks respond to the neighbouring tree species, we performed an experiment in a forest in Poland. Oak saplings were placed in neighbourhoods dominated by oak, beech, or pine trees, and half of them were treated with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (elicitor of anti-herbivore responses). Oaks responded to the treatment by emitting a different volatile blend within 24 h, while leaf phenolic chemistry and C: N remained largely unaffected after 16 days and multiple treatments. Leaf phenolics were subtly affected by the neighbouring trees with elevated flavan-3-ols concentrations in pine-dominated plots. Our results suggest that these oaks rely on phenols as a constitutive defence and when attacked emit volatiles to attract natural enemies. Further studies might determine if the small effect of the neighbourhood on leaf phenolics is a response to different levels of shading, or if oaks use volatile cues to assess the composition of their neighbourhood.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agrawal AA, Fishbein M (2006) Plant defense syndromes. Ecology 87(S132–S149). https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[132:PDS]2.0.CO;2

  • Agrawal AA, Hastings AP (2019) Trade-offs constrain the evolution of an inducible defense within but not between plant species. Ecology 100:e02857. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2857

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amo L, Jansen JJ, van Dam NM, Dicke M, Visser ME (2013) Birds exploit herbivore-induced plant volatiles to locate herbivorous prey. Ecol Lett 16:1348–1355. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amo L, Mrazova A, Saavedra I, Sam K (2022) Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate increases emissions of volatile organic compounds in pyrenean oak trees, Quercus pyrenaica. Biology 11:84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Åström M, Lundberg P (1994) Plant defence and stochastic risk of herbivory. Evol Ecol 8:288–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbehenn RV, Jones CP, Karonen M, Salminen J-P (2006) Tannin composition affects the oxidative activities of tree leaves. J Chem Ecol 32:2235–2251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbier S, Gosselin F, Balandier P (2008) Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—a critical review for temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecol Manag 254:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernays E, Chapman R (1994) Behavior: the process of host-plant selection. In: Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects. pp 95–165

  • Bertić M et al (2021) European oak chemical diversity – from ecotypes to herbivore resistance. New Phytol 232:818–834. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brosset A, Blande JD (2021) Volatile-mediated plant–plant interactions: volatile organic compounds as modulators of receiver plant defence, growth, and reproduction. J Exp Bot 73:511–528. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab487

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Moraes CM, Mescher MC, Tumlinson JH (2001) Caterpillar-induced nocturnal plant volatiles repel conspecific females. Nature 410:577–580. https://doi.org/10.1038/35069058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke M (2016) Plant phenotypic plasticity in the phytobiome: a volatile issue. Curr Opin Plant Biol 32:17–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke M, Hilker M (2003) Induced plant defences: from molecular biology to evolutionary ecology. Basic Appl Ecol 4:3–14

  • Ekholm A, Tack AJ, Pulkkinen P, Roslin T (2020) Host plant phenology, insect outbreaks and herbivore communities: the importance of timing. J Anim Ecol 89:829–841

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feeny PP (1968) Effect of oak leaf tannins on larval growth of the winter moth Operophtera brumata. J Insect Physiol 14:805–817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feeny PP (1970) Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecol 51:565–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feeny P (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defense. Biochemical interaction between plants and insects. Springer, pp 1–40

  • Forkner RE, Marquis RJ, Lill JT (2004) Feeny revisited: condensed tannins as anti-herbivore defences in leaf‐chewing herbivore communities of Quercus. Ecol Entomol 29:174–187

  • Freitas AV, Oliveira PS (1996) Ants as selective agents on herbivore biology: effects on the behaviour of a non-myrmecophilous butterfly. J Anim Ecol :205–210

  • Frost CJ, Hunter MD (2008) Herbivore-induced shifts in carbon and nitrogen allocation in red oak seedlings. New Phytol 178:835–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02420.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghirardo A, Heller W, Fladung M, Schnitzler JP, Schroeder H (2012) Function of defensive volatiles in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is tricked by the moth Tortrix Viridana. Plant Cell Environ 35:2192–2207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02545.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glinwood R, Ninkovic V, Pettersson J (2011) Chemical interaction between undamaged plants – effects on herbivores and natural enemies. Phytochemistry 72:1683–1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goulas Y, Cerovic ZG, Cartelat A, Moya I (2004) Dualex: a new instrument for field measurements of epidermal ultraviolet absorbance by chlorophyll fluorescence. Appl Opt 43:4488–4496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gripenberg S, Salminen J-P, Roslin T (2007) A tree in the eyes of a moth? Temporal variation in oak leaf quality and leaf-miner perform. Oikos 116:592–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15415.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gripenberg S, Mayhew PJ, Parnell M, Roslin T (2010) A meta-analysis of preference–performance relationships in phytophagous insects. Ecol Lett 13:383–393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haukioja E, Hanhimäki S (1985) Rapid wound-induced resistance in white birch (Betula pubescens) foliage to the geometrid Epirrita autumnata: a comparison of trees and moths within and outside the outbreak range of the moth. Oecologia 65:223–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heil M (2004) Direct defense or ecological costs: responses of herbivorous beetles to volatiles released by wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). J Chem Ecol 30:1289–1295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández I, Alegre L, Munné-Bosch S (2011) Plant aging and excess light enhance flavan-3-ol content in cistus clusii. J Plant Physiol 168:96–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoballah ME, Köllner TG, Degenhardt J, Turlings TCJ (2004) Costs of induced volatile production in maize. Oikos 105:168–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jactel H, Birgersson G, Andersson S, Schlyter F (2011) Non-host volatiles mediate associational resistance to the pine processionary moth. Oecologia 166:703–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1918-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen A, Sabelis MW, Bruin J (2002) Evolution of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Oikos 97:134–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kallenbach M, Oh Y, Eilers E, Veit D, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC (2014) A robust, simple, high-throughput technique for time‐resolved plant volatile analysis in field experiments. Plant J 78:1060–1072

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karban R (2011) The ecology and evolution of induced resistance against herbivores. Functional Ecology 25:339–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karban R (2021) Plant communication. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S 52:1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karban R, Baldwin IT (2007) Induced responses to herbivory. University of Chicago Press

  • Karban R, Takabayashi J (2018) Chewing and other cues induce grass spines that protect meristems. Arthropod-Plant Interact 13:541–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-018-9666-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karban R, Baldwin IT, Baxter KJ, Laue G, Felton GW (2000) Communication between plants: induced resistance in wild tobacco plants following clipping of neighboring sagebrush. Oecologia 125:66–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keefover-Ring K, Trowbridge A, Mason CJ, Raffa KF (2016) Rapid induction of multiple terpenoid groups by Ponderosa pine in response to bark beetle-associated fungi. J Chem Ecol 42:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-015-0659-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler A, Halitschke R, Diezel C, Baldwin IT (2006) Priming of plant defense responses in nature by airborne signaling between Artemisia tridentata and Nicotiana attenuata. Oecologia 148:280–292 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0365-8

  • Kondoh M, Williams IS (2001) Compensation behaviour by insect herbivores and natural enemies: its influence on community structure. Oikos 93:161–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovács B, Tinya F, Ódor P (2017) Stand structural drivers of microclimate in mature temperate mixed forests. Agric for Meteorol 234:11–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar H (1992) Inhibition of ovipositional responses of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by the trichomes on the lower leaf surface of a maize cultivar. J Econ Entomol 85:1736–1739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallick S, Molleman F, Yguel B, Bailey R, Müller J, Jean F, Prinzing A (2023) Ectophagous folivores do not profit from rich resources on phylogenetically isolated trees. Oecologia 201:1–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martemyanov VV et al (2012) Rapid induced resistance of silver birch affects both innate immunity and performance of gypsy moths: the role of plant chemical defenses. Arthropod-Plant Interact 6:507–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-012-9202-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens D, Boege K, Kessler A, Koricheva J, Thaler JS, Whiteman NK, Poelman EH (2021) Predictability of biotic stress structures plant defence evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 36:444–456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monson RK, Trowbridge AM, Lindroth RL, Lerdau MT (2022) Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth–defense trade-offs. New Phytol 233:1051–1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molleman F, Walczak U, Melosik I, Baraniak E, Piosik Ł, Prinzing A (2022) What drives caterpillar guilds on a tree: enemy pressure, leaf or tree growth, genetic traits, or phylogenetic neighbourhood? Insects 13(4):367. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13040367

  • Moreira X, Mooney KA, Rasmann S, Petry WK, Carrillo-Gavilán A, Zas R, Sampedro L (2014) Trade‐offs between constitutive and induced defences drive geographical and climatic clines in pine chemical defences. Ecol Lett 17:537–546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mrazova A, Sam K (2019) Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate to Ficus hahliana attracts predators of insects along an altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea. J Trop Ecol 35:157–164. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mrazova A, Houska Tahadlova M, Řehová V, Sam K (2023) The specificity of induced chemical defence of two oak species affects differently arthropod herbivores and arthropod and bird predation. Arthropod-Plant Interact 17:141–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovic V, Markovic D, Dahlin I (2016) Decoding neighbour volatiles in preparation for future competition and implications for tritrophic interactions perspectives in plant ecology. Evol Syst 23:11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2016.09.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nykänen H, Koricheva J (2004) Damage-induced changes in woody plants and their effects on insect herbivore performance: a meta-analysis. Oikos 104:247–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12768.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen J, Kindt R, Legendre P, O’Hara B, Stevens MHH, Oksanen MJ, Suggests M (2007) The vegan package. Community ecology package 10:719

  • Pearse IS et al (2020) Generalising indirect defence and resistance of plants. Ecol Lett 23:1137–1152. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellissier L, Moreira X, Danner H, Serrano M, Salamin N, van Dam NM, Rasmann S (2016) The simultaneous inducibility of phytochemicals related to plant direct and indirect defences against herbivores is stronger at low elevation. J Ecol 104:1116–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pihain M, Gerhold P, Ducousso A, Prinzing A (2019) Evolutionary response to coexistence with close relatives: increased resistance against specialist herbivores without cost for climatic-stress resistance. Ecol Lett 22:1285–1296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price PW, Bouton CE, Gross P, McPheron BA, Thompson JN, Weis AE (1980) Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 11:41–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R_Core_Team (2023) R: a language and environment for statistical computing, 4.3 edn. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  • Renwick JAA, Chew FS (1994) Oviposition behavior in lepidoptera annual. Rev Entomol 39:377–400. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.002113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieske L, Dillaway D (2008) Response of two oak species to extensive defoliation: tree growth and vigor, phytochemistry, and herbivore suitability. Forest Ecol Manag 256:121–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robert CAM et al (2013) Genetically engineered maize plants reveal distinct costs and benefits of constitutive volatile emissions in the field. Plant Biotechnol J 11:628–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz M, Chen Y, Zhu P, Vlot AC (2021) Volatile terpenes – mediators of plant-to-plant communication. Plant J 108:617–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roslin T, Gripenberg S, Salminen JP, Karonen M, O’Hara B, Pihlaja R, Pulkkinen K P (2006) Seeing the trees for the leaves–oaks as mosaics for a host-specific moth. Oikos 113:106–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salminen JP, Karonen M (2011) Chemical ecology of tannins and other phenolics: we need a change in approach. Funct Ecol 25:325–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01826.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Šamec D, Karalija E, Šola I, Vujčić Bok V, Salopek-Sondi B (2021) The role of polyphenols in abiotic stress response: the influence of molecular structure. Plants 10:118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semiz G, Blande JD, Heijari J, Işık K, Niinemets Ü, Holopainen JK (2012) Manipulation of VOC emissions with methyl jasmonate and carrageenan in the evergreen conifer Pinus sylvestris and evergreen broadleaf Quercus ilex. Plant Biol 14:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00485.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simard SW (2018) Mycorrhizal Networks Facilitate Tree Communication, Learning, and memory. In: Baluska F, Gagliano M, Witzany G (eds) Memory and learning in plants. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 191–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0_10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sokół-Łętowska A, Kucharska AZ, Hodun G, Gołba M (2020) Chemical composition of 21 cultivars of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) fruit cultivated in Poland. Molecules 25:4587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler R, Harvey JA, Bezemer TM (2007) Foraging efficiency of a parasitoid of a leaf herbivore is influenced by root herbivory on neighbouring plants. Funct Ecol 21:969–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southwood T (1961) The number of species of insect associated with various trees. J Anim Ecol 1–8

  • Stamp N (2003) Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses. Q Rev Biol 78:23–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Šušić N, Milić Komić S, Živanović B, Jelušić A, Marković S, Sedlarevic Zoric A, Veljovic Jovanovic S (2023) Acclimation of pedunculate oak seedlings to different light conditions in the first months after germination. In: 30th International Conference Ecological Truth And Environmental Research–EcoTER’23. University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor, pp 135–140

  • Tollrian R, Harvell CD (1999) The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Princeton University Press

  • Tscharntke T, Thiessen S, Dolch R, Boland W (2001) Herbivory, induced resistance, and interplant signal transfer in Alnus glutinosa. Biochem Syst Ecol 29:1025–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00048-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdés-Correcher E et al (2021) Search for top‐down and bottom‐up drivers of latitudinal trends in insect herbivory in oak trees in Europe. Global Ecol Biogeogr 30:651–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vialatte A et al (2010) Phylogenetic isolation of host trees affects assembly of local Heteroptera communities. Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 277:2227–2236. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visakorpi K, Riutta T, Malhi Y, Salminen JP, Salinas N, Gripenberg S (2020) Changes in oak (Quercus robur) photosynthesis after winter moth (Operophtera brumata) herbivory are not explained by changes in chemical or structural leaf traits. PLoS ONE 15:e0228157. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Volf M et al (2021) Branch-localized induction promotes efficacy of volatile defences and herbivore predation in trees. J Chem Ecol 47:99–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volf M et al (2022) A mosaic of induced and non-induced branches promotes variation in leaf traits, predation and insect herbivore assemblages in canopy trees. Ecol Lett 25: 729–739

  • Wäckers FL, van Rijn PCJ, Bruin J (2005) Plant-provided food for carnivorous insects: a protective mutualism and its applications. Cambridge University Press

  • Walter DE (1996) Living on leaves: mites, tomenta, and leaf domatia. Annu Rev Entomoll 41:101–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • War AR, Hussain B, Sharma HC (2013) Induced resistance in groundnut by jasmonic acid and salicylic acid through alteration of trichome density and oviposition by Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). AoB Plants 5:plt053

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yguel B et al (2011) Phytophagy on phylogenetically isolated trees: why hosts should escape their relatives. Ecol Lett 14:1117–1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01680.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z-Z, Che X-N, Pan Q-H, Li X-X, Duan C-Q (2013) Transcriptional activation of flavan-3-ols biosynthesis in grape berries by UV irradiation depending on developmental stage. Plant Sci 208:64–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Fieldwork was carried out with the kind permission of the Forestry Experimental Station in Murowana Goślina (Poznań University of Life Sciences). We are grateful to Fatmanur Selvi for her help in the field. C: N analysis was performed at the Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kórnik.

Funding

The research was funded by grant No. 2018/29/B/NZ8/00112 to Freerk Molleman from the National Science Centre (NCN, Poland), and Martin Volf acknowledges the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (grant number 19-28126X).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Str. 6, Poznań, PL-61-614, Poland

    Freerk Molleman, Manidip Mandal & Urszula Walczak

  2. Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of the Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37, Wrocław, 51-630, Poland

    Anna Sokół-Łętowska

  3. Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic

    Martin Volf, Martin Moos, Petr Vodrážka & Priscila Mezzomo

  4. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic

    Martin Volf & Priscila Mezzomo

  5. Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany

    Soumen Mallick

  6. Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

    Martin Moos & Petr Vodrážka

  7. Research Unit « Ecosystemes, Biodiversité, Evolution », Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Beaulieu, bâtiment 14, Rennes, AF-35042, France

    Andreas Prinzing

Authors
  1. Freerk Molleman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manidip Mandal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anna Sokół-Łętowska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Urszula Walczak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Martin Volf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Soumen Mallick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Martin Moos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Petr Vodrážka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Andreas Prinzing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Priscila Mezzomo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Freerk Molleman developed the initial concept of the study, led the fieldwork, analysed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript, Manidip Mandal participated in the planning and fieldwork, performed induction, collected the volatile samples, and participated in the VOC analysis, Anna Sokół-Łętowska performed phenolics analyses, Urszula Walczak participated in developing the concept, planning of the study, and in fieldwork, Martin Volf participated in developing the concepts and planning of the study, Soumen Mallick participated in fieldwork and collection of volatile samples, Martin Moos and Petr Vodrážka advised on volatile sample collection and performed volatile measurements, Andreas Prinzing participated in developing the concept, Priscila Mezzomo participated in developing the concept, provided training in VOC sample collection and interpretation of VOC measurements. All authors contributed to the manuscript writing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Freerk Molleman.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Material 1

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Molleman, F., Mandal, M., Sokół-Łętowska, A. et al. Simulated Herbivory Affects the Volatile Emissions of Oak Saplings, while Neighbourhood Affects Flavan-3-ols Content of Their Leaves. J Chem Ecol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-024-01471-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-024-01471-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation