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Titanium alloys: in vitro biological analyzes on biofilm formation, biocompatibility, cell differentiation to induce bone formation, and immunological response

  • Biocompatibility Studies
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Abstract

Biological effects of titanium (Ti) alloys were analyzed on biofilms of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis, as well as on osteoblast-like cells (MG63) and murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). Standard samples composed of aluminum and vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V), and sample containing niobium (Ti-35Nb) and zirconium (Ti-13Nb-13Zr) were analyzed. Monomicrobial biofilms were formed on the Ti alloys. MG63 cells were grown with the alloys and the biocompatibility (MTT), total protein (TP) level, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization nodules (MN) formation were verified. Levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and oxide nitric (NO) were checked, from RAW 264.7 cells supernatants. Data were statically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test, or T-test (P ≤ 0.05). Concerning the biofilm formation, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy showed the best inhibitory effect on E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. And, it also acted similarly to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy on C. albicans and Streptococcus spp. Both alloys were biocompatible and similar to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Additionally, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was more effective for cell differentiation, as observed in the assays of ALP and MN. Regarding the stimulation for release of IL-1β and TNF-α, Ti-35Nb and Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys inhibited similarly the synthesis of these molecules. However, both alloys stimulated the production of IL-17. Additionally, all Ti alloys showed the same effect for NO generation. Thus, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was the most effective for inhibition of biofilm formation, cell differentiation, and stimulation for release of immune mediators.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for Research Grant 2012/20311-8, and Scholarships 2015/01258-7 and 2013/08323-3; and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil) for support provided as Master Scholarship during this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP12245-000, Brazil

    Daphne de Camargo Reis Mello, Jonatas Rafael de Oliveira, Lais Siebra de Brito Ramos, Mariana Raquel da Cruz Vegian, Luciane Dias de Oliveira & Luana Marotta Reis de Vasconcellos

  2. Division of Materials, Air and Space Institute (CTA), Praça Marechal do Ar Eduardo Gomes, 14, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12904-000, Brazil

    Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo

  3. Department of Materials and Dental Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP12245-000, Brazil

    Luis Gustavo Oliveira de Vasconcellos

  4. Brazcubas Faculty of Dentistry, University Center Brazcubas, Av. Francisco Rodrigues Filho, 1233, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, CEP 08773-380, Brazil

    Felipe Eduardo de Oliveira

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  1. Daphne de Camargo Reis Mello
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Mello, D.d.C.R., de Oliveira, J.R., Cairo, C.A.A. et al. Titanium alloys: in vitro biological analyzes on biofilm formation, biocompatibility, cell differentiation to induce bone formation, and immunological response. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 30, 108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-019-6310-2

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