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The study of optical, structural and magnetic properties of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles

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Abstract

Zinc oxide is a multifunctional material with important applications in areas like electronics, optoelectronics, sensors and photocatalysis. In the present work, the Cu-doped ZnO (Cu = 0%, 2% and 5%) nanoparticles have been synthesized and investigated using various techniques like XRD, SEM, XPS, PL and UV spectroscopic measurements. The study is aimed at exploring the mechanism of room-temperature ferromagnetism in these dilute magnetic semiconductors, which has been a mystery for a long time. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of the P63mc space group and an average crystalline size of 26 nm to 32 nm. The morphology has been analyzed using SEM images, which depict irregular grain size distribution and agglomerated spheroid-like particle structure. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) findings exhibited the inducement of remarkable oxygen vacancies (Vo) with Cu doping. The 2% Cu-doped sample shows the maximum value of the oxygen vacancies. The magnetization measurements reveal weak ferromagnetism in the pure ZnO sample, whereas the Cu-doped ZnO nanocrystalline samples show remarkable room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM). The 2% Cu-doped sample depicts the highest value of saturation magnetization. The UV spectroscopy indicates that the band gap is reduced upon Cu doping; the value of Eg is found to be the lowest (2.96 eV) for the 2% Cu-doped sample. The Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy indicates the presence of defect-related states, which are found to be the maximum for the 2% Cu-doped sample, in good agreement with the XPS results. The induced magnetization in the Cu-doped nano-crystalline samples is found to show a direct relationship with the oxygen vacancies and is proposed to be caused by the exchange interactions between the Cu2+ ions and the oxygen vacancies. The inducement of ferromagnetism in ZnO renders it a potential system for spintronic devices. The key benefits of spintronic devices are their compact size, excellent luminous efficiency, ecologically benign composition, long persistence and potential energy savings.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank to Bansathali Vidhyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan (India) for providing XRD data and USIC, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan (India), for obtaining SEM measurements.

Funding

This research has not been financially supported.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India

    Mahendra Kumar Gora, Arvind Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, Jagdish Nehra, Satya Narain Dolia, Satya Narain Dolia, Rishi Kumar Singhal & Rishi Kumar Singhal

  2. Department of Physics, Bansathali Vidhyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India

    Banwari Lal Choudhary

Authors
  1. Mahendra Kumar Gora
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  2. Arvind Kumar
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  3. Sanjay Kumar
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  4. Jagdish Nehra
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  5. Banwari Lal Choudhary
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  6. Satya Narain Dolia
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  7. Rishi Kumar Singhal
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Contributions

All the authors contributed to the original study conceptualization and design. Material synthesis, data collection, analysis and manuscript writing have been performed by [MKG], writing and sample preparation [AK], characterization and data interpretations [SK], data analysis [JN], data collection and interpretation [BLC], data analysis, editing and reviewing [SND] and writing, editing, review and supervision [RKS]. The final manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mahendra Kumar Gora.

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Gora, M.K., Kumar, A., Kumar, S. et al. The study of optical, structural and magnetic properties of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 288 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09713-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09713-5

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