Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis, structure, and selected photocatalytic applications of graphitic carbon nitride: a review

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The exhaustion of non-renewable resources and the detrimental consequences to the environment by their excessive use have created a dire need of an alternative energy source. In this context, the discovery of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a semiconductor photocatalyst to utilize solar energy for environmental remediation has gathered great attention in the past decade. With a suitable band gap of 2.7 eV that allows it to operate in the visible-light range, high physiochemical stability, appealing electronic band structure, appropriate optical absorption, and “earth-abundant” nature allowing economic feasibility, g-C3N4 comes as an excellent metal-free photocatalyst for solving the energy crisis and offers a wide range of applications. However, pure g-C3N4 exhibits a restricted photocatalytic efficiency mainly because of low surface area and low mobility of photogenerated charge carriers which can be significantly improved by applying various approaches such as forming composite with another semiconductor, incorporating a cocatalyst, and various other alterations. Hence, in this mini-review, a comprehensive study on g-C3N4 as a potent visible-light photocatalyst is presented with special emphasis on its structure, synthesis, and various modifications which helps in enhancement of its photocatalytic efficiency. Advancements in photoredox applications including water splitting for hydrogen production, CO2 photoreduction, degradation of pollutants, bacterial disinfection, and other newly emerging applications such as electrochemical energy storage, organic synthesis, and N2 fixation have been discussed in detail. Finally, the mini-review ends with an insight into the current challenges faced to develop better g-C3N4-based systems and the scope for further fruitful research in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

(Reproduced from Ref. [17] with permission from Springer Nature)

Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

(Reproduced from Ref. [42] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry)

Fig. 6

(Reproduced from Ref. [58] with permission from The American Chemical Society)

Fig. 7

(Reproduced from Ref. [86] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry)

Fig. 8

(Reproduced from Ref. [92] with permission from Wiley–VCH)

Fig. 9

(Reproduced from Ref. [94] with permission from the American Chemical Society.)

Fig. 10

(Reproduced from Ref. [154] with permission from Wiley–VCH)

Fig. 11

(Reproduced from Ref. [173] with permission from Elsevier)

Fig. 12

(Reproduced from Reference [229] with permission from the American Chemical Society)

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Q. Wang, K. Domen, Chem. Rev. 120, 919 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. C. Shen, C. Chen, T. Wen, Z. Zhao, X. Wang, A. Xu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 456, 7 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Gu, M. Ye, Y. Wang, H. Li, H. Zhang, G. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhao, J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 12687 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. X. Wang, M. Lu, J. Ma, P. Ning, Sep. Purif. Technol. 212, 586 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Zhong, Y. Ma, P. Oleynikov, K. Domen, Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1693 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Ge, C. Cao, J. Huang, S. Li, Z. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 6772 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Zhang, Y.-L. Wei, P.-F. Cao, M.-C. Lin, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 3091 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. C. Kim, M. Choi, J. Jang, Catal. Commun. 11, 378 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Yamashita, M. Harada, J. Misaka, M. Takeuchi, B. Neppolian, M. Anpo, Catal. Today 84, 191 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Ismael, New J. Chem. 43, 9596 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Ismael, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8, 103676 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Liu, F. Xin, F. Wang, S. Luo, X. Yin, J. Alloys Compd. 498, 179 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. L. Sun, X. Zhao, C.-J. Jia, Y. Zhou, X. Cheng, P. Li, L. Liu, W. Fan, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 23428 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Thomas, A. Fischer, F. Goettmann, M. Antonietti, J.-O. Müller, R. Schlogl, J.M. Carlsson, J. Mater. Chem. 18, 4893 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Groenewolt, M. Antonietti, Adv. Mater. 17, 1789 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. F. Goettmann, A. Fischer, M. Antonietti, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 4467 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. X. Wang, K. Maeda, A. Thomas, K. Takanabe, G. Xin, J.M. Carlesson, K. Domen, M. Antonietti, Nat. Mater. 8, 76 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. G.Y. Ren, D. Zeng, W.-J. Ong, Chin. J. Catal. 40, 289 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Wen, J. Xie, X. Chen, X. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 391, 72 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. C. Cometto, R. Kuriki, L. Chen, K. Maeda, T.-C. Lau, O. Ishitani, M. Robert, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 7437 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Mao, T. Peng, X. Zhang, K. Li, L. Ye, L. Zan, Catal. Sci. Technol. 3, 1253 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Zhang, W. Luo, Z. Wei, W. Jiang, D. Liu, Y. Zhu, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 194, 105 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Y. Zheng, L. Lin, B. Wang, X. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 12868 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. S.P. Pattnaik, A. Behera, S. Martha, R. Acharya, K. Parida, J. Mater. Sci. 54, 5726 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Yin, J. Han, T. Zhou, R. Xu, Catal. Sci. Technol. 5, 5048 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. J. Zhang, J. Sun, K. Maeda, K. Domen, P. Liu, M. Antonietti, X. Fu, X. Wang, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 675 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. Asadzadeh-Khaneghah, A. Habibi-Yangjeh, S. Vadivel, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 103, 94 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Patnaik, S. Martha, S. Acharya, K.M. Parida, Inorg. Chem. Front. 3, 336 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. S. Patnaik, D.P. Sahoo, K.M. Parida, Renew. Sust. Energy. Rev. 82, 1297 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Patnaik, S. Martha, K.M. Parida, RSC Adv. 6, 46929 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. S. Patnaik, D.P. Sahoo, K.M. Parida, Carbon 172, 682 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Acharya, K.M. Parida, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8, 103896 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. C. Prasad, H. Tang, Q. Liu, I. Bahadur, S. Karlapudi, Y. Jiang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 337 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. D.M. Teter, R.J. Hemley, Science 271, 53 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Cao, J. Yu, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 2101 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. G. Dong, Y. Zhang, Q. Pan, J. Qiu, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 20, 33 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. C. Merschjann, S. Tschierlei, T. Tyborski, K. Kailasam, S. Orthmann, D. Hollmann, T. Schedel-Niedrig, A. Thomas, S. Lochbrunner, Adv. Mater. 27, 7993 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. F. Fina, S.K. Callear, G.M. Carins, J.T. Irvine, Chem. Mater. 27, 2612 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. G. Fanchini, A. Tagliaferro, N.M.J. Conway, C. Godet, Phys. Rev. B 66, 195 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. K. Takanabe, K. Kamata, X. Wang, M. Antonietti, J. Kubota, K. Domen, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 13020 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. F. Dong, L.W. Wu, Y.J. Sun, M. Fu, Z.B. Wu, S.C. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. 21, 15171 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Y.W. Zhang, J.H. Liu, G. Wu, W. Chen, Nanoscale 4, 5300 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. S.C. Yan, Z.S. Li, Z.G. Zou, Langmuir 25, 10397 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. G.G. Zhang, J.S. Zhang, M.W. Zhang, X.C. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 8083 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. B.H. Long, J.L. Lin, X.C. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 2492 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  46. S. Yuan, Q. Zhang, B. Xu, S. Liu, J. Wang, J. Xie, M. Zhang, T. Ohno, Catal. Sci. Technol. 7, 1826 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. X. Wang, K. Maeda, X. Chen, K. Takanabe, D. Kazunari, H. Yidong, F. Xianzhi, M. Antonietti, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 1680 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Z. Mo, X. She, Y. Li, L. Liu, L. Huang, Z. Chen, Q. Zhang, H. Xu, H. Li, RSC Adv. 5, 101552 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Q. Gu, Z. Gao, H. Zhao, Z. Lou, Y. Liao, C. Xue, RSC Adv. 5, 49317 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. H.R.S. Abdellatif, G. Zhang, X. Wang, D. Xie, J.T.S. Irvine, J. Ni, C. Ni, Chem. Eng. J. 370, 875 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. F. Dong, M. Ou, Y. Jiang, S. Guo, Z. Wu, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 2318 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. H. Che, L. Liu, G. Che, H. Dong, C. Liu, C. Li, Chem. Eng. J. 357, 209 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. D.J. Martin, K. Qiu, S.A. Shevlin, A.D. Handoko, X. Chen, Z. Guo, J. Tang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 9240 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Chen, X. Bai, Catalysts 10, 142 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. W.K. Darkwah, Y. Ao, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13, 388 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. X. Li, J. Zhang, L. Shen, Y. Ma, W. Lei, Q. Cui, G. Zou, Appl. Phys. A 94, 387 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. C. Zhou, R. Shi, L. Shang, L.Z. Wu, C.-H. Tung, T. Zhang, Nano Res. 11, 3462 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J. Wu, X. Ji, X. Yuan, Z. Zhao, Y. Li, B. Wen, H. Zhang, D. Yu, Y. Zhao, Y. Tian, Chem. Mater. 31, 9188 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Behera, P. Mallick, S.S. Mohapatra, Micro and Nano Technologies. Corrosion Protection at the Nanoscale (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2020), p. 227

    Book  Google Scholar 

  60. R.C. Dante, P. Martin-Ramos, A. Correa-Guimaraes, J. Martin-Gil, Mater. Chem. Phys. 130, 1094 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. R.M. Yadav, R. Kumar, A. Aliyan, P.S. Dobal, S. Biradar, R. Vajtai, D.P. Singh, A.A. Marti, P.M. Ajayan, New J. Chem. 44, 2644 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. L. Mahoney, R.T. Koodali, Materials 7, 2697 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. K. Kailasam, J.D. Epping, A. Thomas, S. Losse, H. Junge, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 4668 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. S. Yang, W. Zhou, C. Ge, X. Liu, Y. Fang, Z. Li, RSC Adv. 3, 5361 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. C. Hu, Y.-C. Chu, M.-S. Wang, W. Xiao-Han, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. Chem. 348, 8 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. H. Dai, X. Gao, E. Liu, Y. Yang, W. Hou, L. Kang, J. Fan, X. Hu, Diam. Relat. Mater. 38, 109 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Z. Li, K.A. Khor, Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2019), p. 203

    Book  Google Scholar 

  68. C. Niu, Y.Z. Lu, C.M. Lieber, Science 261, 334 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. L. Guan, N. Xu, X. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Li, J. Sun, J. Wu, Z. Ying, Carbon 79, 578 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. B.P. Kafle, Chapter 6 - Chemical Analysis and Material Characterization by Spectrophotometry (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2020), p. 147

    Book  Google Scholar 

  71. H. Guo, C. Niu, C. Feng, C. Liang, L. Zhang, X. Wen, Y. Yang, H. Liu, L. Li, L. Lin, Chem. Eng. J. 385, 123919 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. P. Zhang, X. Li, C. Shao, Y. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 3281 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. W. Iqbal, B. Yang, X. Zhao, M. Rauf, M. Waqas, Y. Gong, J. Zhang, Y. Mao, Catal Sci. Technol. 8, 4576 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. J. Liu, J. Yan, H. Ji, G.Y. Xu, L. Huang, Y. Song, Q. Zhang, H. Xu, H. Li, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Proc. 46, 59 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. D.J. Hong, Y.X. Xia, S.Y. Wang, R. Xu, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 15006 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. S. Zhang, C. Hu, H. Ji, L. Zhang, F. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 478, 304 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Y. Fukasawa, K. Takanabe, A. Shimojima, M. Antonietti, K. Domen, T. Okubo, Chem. - Asian J. 6, 103 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. A. Fihri, M. Bouhrara, U. Patil, D. Cha, Y. Saih, V. Polshettiwar, ACS Catal. 2, 1425 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. M. Dhiman, B. Chalke, V. Polshettiwar, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 3, 3224 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. V. Polshettiwar, D. Cha, X. Zhang, J.M. Basset, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 9652 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Z. Huang, F. Li, B. Chen, T. Lu, Y. Yuan, G. Yuan, Appl. Catal. B 269, 136 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  82. J. Wang, C. Zhang, Y. Shen, Z. Zhou, J. Yu, Y. Li, W. Wei, S. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A. 3, 5126 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Y. Wang, X. Wang, M. Antonietti, Y. Zhang, Chemsuschem 3, 435 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. H. Yan, Chem. Commun. 48, 3430 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. F. He, G. Chen, Y. Yu, Y. Zhou, Y. Zheng, S. Hao, Chem. Commun. 51, 425 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Y. Shi, Y. Wan, D. Zhao, Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 2854 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  87. X. Bai, L. Wang, R. Zong, Y. Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 9952 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Q. Gu, Y. Liao, L. Yin, J. Long, X. Wang, C. Xue, Appl. Catal. B 165, 503 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. G. Xie, K. Zhang, B. Guo, Q. Liu, L. Fang, J.R. Gong, Adv. Mater. 25, 3820 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. P.P. Edwards, V.L. Kuznetsov, W.I.F. David, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 365, 1043 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. A. Fujishima, K. Honda, Nature 238, 37 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. R.M.N. Yerga, M.C.A. Galvan, F. del Valle, J.A.V. de la Mano, J.L.G. Fierro, Chemsuschem 2, 471 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. Naseri, M. Samadi, A. Pourjavadi, A.Z. Moshfegh, S. Ramakrishna, J. Mater. Chem. A. 5, 23406 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. W.-J. Ong, L.-L. Tan, Y.H. Ng, S.-T. Yong, S.-P. Chai, Chem. Rev. 116, 7159 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. F. Jiang, T. Yan, H. Chen, A. Sun, C. Xu, X. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 295, 164 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. C. Feng, Y. Deng, L. Tang, G. Zeng, J. Wang, J. Yu, Y. Liu, B. Peng, H. Feng, J. Wang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 239, 525 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, L. Chunhu, J. Photochem. Photobiol A. Chem. 332, 32 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. S. Martha, A. Nashim, K.M. Parida, J. Mater. Chem. A. 1, 7816 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. S. Cao, J. Jiang, B. Zhu, J. Yu, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 19457 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. X. Li, W. Bi, L. Zhang, S. Tao, W. Chu, Q. Zhang, Y. Luo, C. Wu, Y. Xie, Adv. Mater. 28, 2427 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. L. Bi, D. Xu, L. Zhang, Y. Lin, D. Wang, T. Xie, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 29899 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. M. Fan, C. Song, T. Chen, X. Yan, D. Xu, W. Gu, W. Shi, L. Xiao, RSC Adv. 6, 34633 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. S. Patnaik, S. Martha, G. Madras, K.M. Parida, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 28502 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Z. Chen, P. Sun, B. Fan, Z. Zhang, X. Fang, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 7801 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. J. Yu, S. Wang, B. Cheng, Z. Lin, F. Huang, Catal. Sci. Technol. 3, 1782 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. D. Chen, K. Wang, D. Xiang, R. Zong, W. Yao, Y. Zhu, Appl. Catal. B 147, 554 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. J. Wang, Z. Guan, J. Huang, Q. Li, J. Yang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 7960 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. B. Yue, Q. Li, H. Iwai, T. Kako, J. Ye, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 12, 034401 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. S. Tonda, S. Kumar, S. Kandula, V. Shanker, J. Mater. Chem. A. 2, 6772 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. X.S. Rong, F.X. Qiu, J.X.L. Rong, J. Yan, D.Y. Yang, Mater. Lett. 164, 127 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Y.G. Wang, Y.Z. Wang, L.G. Li, H.C. Shi, Y.L. Xu, H.F. Qin, X. Li, Y.H. Zuo, S.F. Kang, L.F. Cui, Catal. Commun. 72, 24 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. P. Wu, J. Wang, J. Zhao, L. Guo, F.E. Osterloh, Chem. Commun. 50, 15521 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. V.W.-H. Lau, M.B. Mesch, V. Duppel, V. Blum, J. Senker, B.V. Lotsch, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 1064 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. C. Zhao, Z. Chen, J. Xu, Q. Liu, H. Xu, H. Tang, G. Li, Y. Jiang, F. Qu, Z. Lin, X. Yang, Appl. Catal. B 256, 117867 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Y. Hong, L. Wang, E. Liu, J. Chen, Z. Wang, S. Zhang, X. Lin, X. Duan, J. Shi, Inorg. Chem. Front. 7, 347 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. D. Zheng, C. Huang, X. Wang, Nanoscale 7, 465 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. J. Liu, J. Huang, H. Zhou, M. Antonietti, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 8434 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. W. Liu, N. Iwasa, S. Fujita, H. Koizumi, M. Yamaguchi, T. Shimada, Appl. Surf. Sci. 499, 143901 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. J. Ran, T.Y. Ma, G. Gao, X.-W. Du, S.Z. Qiao, Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 3708 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. H. Tang, Z. Xia, R. Chen, Q. Liu, T. Zhou, Chem. Asian J. 15, 3456 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. L. Ge, C.C. Han, L.X. Xiao, L.L. Guo, J.Y. Li, Mater Res Bull. 48, 3919 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. H. Lv, Y. Huang, R.T. Koodali, G. Liu, Y. Zeng, Q. Meng, M. Yuan, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12, 12656 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. L. Zhang, Z. Jin, S. Huang, X. Huang, B. Xu, L. Hu, H. Cui, S. Ruan, Y. Zeng, Appl. Catal. B 246, 61 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. P. Babu, S. Mohanty, B. Naik, K.M. Parida, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1, 5936 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. R. Marschall, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 2421 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. H. Cheng, J. Hou, O. Takeda, X.-M. Guo, H. Zhu, J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 11006 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. P. Chen, P. Xing, Z. Chen, X. Hu, H. Lin, L. Zhao, Y. He, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 534, 163 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. F. Shi, L. Chen, M. Chen, D. Jiang, Chem. Commun. 51, 17144 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Z. Chen, P. Chena, P. Xing, X. Hu, H. Lin, L. Zhao, Y. Wu, Y. He, Fuel 241, 1 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. J. Yu, Q. Nong, X. Jiang, X. Liu, Y. Wu, Y. He, Sol. Energy 139, 355 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. S. Pany, K.M. Parida, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 8070 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. S. Nayak, L. Mohapatra, K.M. Parida, J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 18622 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. S. Acharya, S. Mansingh, K.M. Parida, Inorg. Chem. Front. 4, 1022 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. S. Patnaik, K.K. Das, A. Mohanty, K.M. Parida, Catal. Today 315, 52 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. P. Mishra, A. Behera, D. Kandi, K.M. Parida, Nanoscale Adv. 1, 1864 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. S.V.P. Vattikuti, N.D. Nam, J. Shim, Ceram. Int. 46, 18287 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Y. Chen, X. Liu, L. Hou, X. Guo, R. Fu, J. Sun, Chem. Eng. J. 383, 123132 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. X. Zhou, Y. Zhu, Q. Gao, S. Zhang, C. Ge, S. Yang, X. Zhong, Y. Fang, Chemsuschem 12, 4996 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. M. Baca, M. Dworczak, M. Aleksandrzak, E. Mijowska, R.J. Kalenczuk, B. Zielinska, Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy 45, 8618 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. B. Tian, Y. Wu, G. Lu, Appl. Catal. B 280, 119410 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. D.P. Sahoo, S. Patnaik, D. Rath, B. Nanda, K.M. Parida, RSC Adv. 6, 112602 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. S. Nayak, K.M. Parida, Sci. Rep. 9, 2458 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. S. Patnaik, D.P. Sahoo, L. Mohapatra, S. Martha, K.M. Parida, Energy Technol. 5, 1687 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. S. Nayak, K.M. Parida, ACS Omega 3, 7324 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Q. Liu, J. Huang, L. Wang, X. Yu, J. Sun, H. Tang, Sol. RRL 5, 2000504 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. H. Zhao, H. Zhang, G. Cui, Y. Dong, G. Wang, P. Jiang, X. Wu, N. Zhao, Appl. Catal. B 225, 284 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. D. Lu, H. Wang, X. Zhao, K.K. Kondamareddy, J. Ding, C. Li, P. Fang, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 1436 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. X. Han, D. Xu, L. An, C. Hou, Y. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43, 4845 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. H.F. Cheng, B.B. Huang, Y.Y. Liu, Z.Y. Wang, X.Y. Qin, X.Y. Zhang, Y. Dai, Chem. Commun. 48, 9729 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. L.L. Tan, W.J. Ong, S.P. Chai, A.R. Mohamed, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8, 465 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. M. Gattrell, N. Gupta, A. Co, J. Electroanal. Chem. 594, 1 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. L. Yuan, Y.-J. Xu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 342, 154 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. T. Inoue, A. Fujishima, S. Konishi, K. Honda, Nature 277, 637 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. J. Wu, Y. Huang, W. Ye, Y. Li, Adv. Sci. 4, 1700194 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. P. Xia, B. Zhu, J. Yu, S. Cao, M. Jaroniec, J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 3230 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. B. Liu, L. Ye, R. Wang, J. Yang, Y. Zhang, R. Guan, L. Tian, X. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 4001 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. K. Wang, Q. Li, B. Liu, B. Cheng, W. Ho, J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B 44, 176 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  158. J. Fu, K. Liu, K. Jiang, H. Li, P. An, W. Li, N. Zhang, H. Li, X. Xu, H. Zhou, D. Tang, X. Wang, X. Qiu, M. Liu, Adv. Sci. 6, 1900796 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. K. Wang, J. Fu, Y. Zheng, Appl. Catal. B 254, 270 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. H. Zhang, Y. Tang, Z. Liu, Z. Zhu, X. Tang, Y. Wang, Chem. Phys. Lett. 751, 137467 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. J. Yu, K. Wang, W. Xiao, B. Cheng, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 11492 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. S. Bai, X. Wang, C. Hu, M. Xie, J. Jiang, Y. Xiong, Chem. Commun. 50, 6094 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Y. Yang, F. Li, J. Chen, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Chemsuschem 13, 1979 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. F. Li, H. Zhou, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 570, 11 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. C. Han, R. Zhang, Y. Ye, L. Wang, Z. Ma, F. Su, H. Xie, Y. Zhou, P.K. Wong, L. Ye, J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 9726 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. S.W. Cao, X.F. Liu, Y.P. Yuan, Z.Y. Zhang, Y.S. Liao, J. Fang, S.C.J. Loo, T.C. Sum, C. Xue, Appl. Catal. B. 147, 940 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. J. Wang, H. Yao, Z. Fan, L. Zhang, J. Wang, S. Zang, Z. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 3765 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. R. Guo, X. Liu, H. Qin, Z. Wang, X. Shi, W. Pan, Z. Fu, J. Tang, P. Jia, Y. Miao, J. Gu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 500, 144059 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. S. Zhou, Y. Liu, J. Li, Y. Wang, G. Jiang, Z. Zhao, D. Wang, A. Duan, J. Liu, Y. Wei, Appl. Catal. B 20, 158 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  170. Z. Jiang, W. Wan, H. Li, S. Yuan, H. Zhao, P. Wong, Adv. Mater. 30, 1706108 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. F. Raziq, Y. Qu, X. Zhang, M. Humayun, J. Wu, A. Zada, H. Yu, X. Sun, L. Jing, J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 98 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. S.N. Frank, A.J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 303 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. W. Wang, G. Huang, J.C. Yu, P.K. Wong, J. Environ. Sci. 34, 232 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Y. Cui, J. Huang, X. Fu, X. Wang, Catal Sci. Technol. 2, 1396 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. T. Sano, S. Tsutsui, K. Koike, T. Hirakawa, Y. Teramoto, N. Negishi, K. Takeuchi, J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 6489 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. T. Matsunaga, R. Tomoda, T. Nakajima, H. Wake, LFEMS Microbiol Lett. 29, 211 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Z. Wang, W. Guan, Y. Sun, F. Dong, Y. Zhou, W.-K. Ho, Nanoscale 7, 2471 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. K. Li, Y. He, P. Chen, H. Wang, J. Sheng, W. Cui, G. Leng, Y. Chu, Z. Wang, F. Dong, J. Hazard. Mater. 392, 122357 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. J. Ma, C. Wang, H. He, Appl. Catal. B 184, 28 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. J. Yu, S. Wang, J. Low, W. Xiao, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 16883 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. K.-I. Katsumata, R. Motoyoshi, N. Matsushita, K. Okada, J. Hazard. Mater. 260, 475 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. A. Bafana, S.S. Devi, T. Chakrabarti, Environ. Rev. 19, 350 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. M. Ismael, J. Alloys Compd. 846, 156446 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. S. Kumar, B. Kumar, A. Baruah, V. Shanker, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 26135 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. S. Fu, Y. He, Q. Wu, Y. Wu, T. Wu, J. Mater Res. 31, 2252 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Q. Liu, Y. Guo, Z. Chen, Z. Zhang, X. Fang, Appl. Catal. B 183, 231 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Y.P. Zang, L.P. Li, Y. Zuo, H.F. Lin, G.S. Li, X.F. Guan, RSC Adv. 3, 13646 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. J. Cai, J. Huang, S. Wang, J. Iocozzia, Z. Sun, J. Sun, Y. Yang, Y. Lai, Z. Lin, Adv. Mater. 31, 1806314 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. D.P. Dutta, D. Dagar, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 20, 2179 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. W. Shi, H. Ren, X. Huang, M. Li, Y. Tang, F. Guo, Sep. Purif. Technol. 237, 116477 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. D.L. Jiang, L.I. Chen, J.J. Zhu, M. Chen, W.D. Shi, J.M. Xie, Dalton Trans. 42, 15726 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. L.Y. Huang, Y.P. Li, H. Xu, Y.G. Xu, J.X. Xia, K. Wang, H.M. Li, X.N. Cheng, RSC Adv. 3, 22269 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. D. Jiang, J. Li, C. Xing, Z. Zhang, S. Meng, M. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 19234 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. C. Li, S. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Wei, P. Zhang, J. Gong, Small 10, 2783 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Y. Hong, Y. Jiang, C. Li, W. Fan, X. Yan, M. Yan, W. Shi, Appl. Catal. B 180, 663 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. M. Sumathi, A. Prakasam, P.M. Anbarasan, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 30, 19085 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  197. Y. Shen, Z. Zhu, X. Wang, A. Khan, J. Gong, Y. Zhang, Mater. Res. Bull. 107, 407 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. C. Miranda, H. Mansilla, J. Yanez, S. Obregon, G. Colon, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 253, 16 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. S. Patnaik, D.P. Sahoo, K.M. Parida, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 560, 519 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. S.A. Khaneghah, A.H. Yangjeh, K. Nakata, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 374, 161 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. O.F. Carceller, M.J. Manoz-Batista, M. Fernandez-García, A. Kubacka, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 2617 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. C. Chang, Y. Fu, M. Hu, C. Wang, G. Shan, L. Zhu, Appl. Catal. B 553, 142 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  203. H. Ji, F. Chang, X. Hu, W. Qin, J. Shen, Chem. Eng. J. 218, 183 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Q. Wu, Y. He, H. Zhang, Z. Feng, Y. Wu, T. Wu, Mol. Catal. 436, 10 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. P. Raizada, A.A.P. Khan, P. Singh, Sep. Purif. Technol. 247, 116957 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. P. Mishra, A. Behera, D. Kandi, S. Ratha, K.M. Parida, Inorg. Chem. 59, 4255 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. K.K. Das, S. Patnaik, S. Mansingh, A. Behera, A. Mohanty, C. Acharya, K.M. Parida, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 561, 551 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. B. Chen, L. Zhou, Y. Tian, J. Yu, J. Lei, L. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21, 12818 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. W. Yujie, Z. Yuting, G. Yinyan, N. Lengyuan, L. Can, L. Xinjuan, Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Lett. 11, 1093 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. A. Yuan, H. Lei, F. Xi, J. Liu, L. Qin, Z. Chen, X. Dong, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 548, 56 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. D.P. Sahoo, K.K. Das, S. Patnaik, K.M. Parida, Inorg. Chem. Front. 7, 3695 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. L. Acharya, S. Nayak, S.P. Pattnaik, R. Acharya, K.M. Parida, J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 566, 211 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. L. Acharya, S.P. Pattnaik, A. Behera, R. Acharya, K.M. Parida, Inorg. Chem. 60, 5021 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. R. Zhao, X. Sun, Y. Jin, J. Han, L. Wang, F. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. 54, 5445 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. M. Solehudin, U. Sirimahachai, G.A.M. Ali, K.F. Chong, S. Wongnawa, Adv. Powder Technol. 31, 1891 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. C. Zhao, F. Ran, L. Dai, C. Li, C. Zheng, C. Si, Carbohydr. Polym. 255, 117343 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. H. Zhang, W. Wu, Y. Li, Y. Wang, C. Zhang, W. Zhang, L. Wang, L. Niu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 465, 450 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Y.-M. Xia, S.-P. Chu, Z.-Y. Liao, S.-Y. Sun, X. Cheng, W.-W. Gao, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 31, 14886 (2020)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. R. Abazari, A.R. Mahjoub, S. Sanati, Z. Rezvani, Z. Hou, H. Dai, Inorg. Chem. 58, 1834 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Q. Zhang, Y. Peng, Y. Lin, S. Wu, X. Yu, C. Yang, Chem. Eng. J. 405, 126661 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. M. Esmati, A. Allahresani, A. Naghizadeh, Res. Chem. Intermed. 47, 1447 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. S.A. Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi, J. Photoch. Photobio. A 418, 113398 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, M.B. Toledano, N.E. Eaton, J. Fawell, P. Elliott, Occup. Environ. Med. 57, 73 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. J. Huang, W. Ho, X. Wang, Chem. Commun. 50, 4338 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. H. Zhao, H. Yu, X. Quan, S. Chen, Y. Zhang, H. Zhao, H. Wang, Appl. Catal. B 46, 152 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. W. Bing, Z. Chen, H. Sun, P. Shi, N. Gao, J. Ren, X. Qu, Nano Res. 8, 1648 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Y. Li, Y. Li, S. Ma, P. Wang, Q. Hou, J. Han, S. Zhan, J. Hazard. Mater. 338, 33 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Y. Orooji, M. Ghanbari, O. Amiri, M.S. Niasari, J. Hazard. Mater. 389, 122079 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. W. Wang, J.C. Yu, D. Xia, P.K. Wong, Y. Li, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 8724 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. C. Tang, C. Liu, Y. Han, Q. Guo, W. Ouyang, H. Feng, M. Wang, F. Xu, Adv. Healthc Mater. 8, 1801534 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. H. Liu, S. Ma, L. Shao, H. Liu, Q. Gao, B. Li, H. Fu, S. Fu, H. Ye, F. Zhao, J. Zhou, Appl. Catal B 261, 118201 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. J. Deng, J. Liang, M. Li, M. Tong, Colloid. Surf. B 152, 49 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. M. Ghanbari, M. Niasari, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 208, 111712 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. S.A.M. Shaegh, N.T. Nguyen, S.M.M. Ehteshami, S.H. Chan, Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 8225 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. H. Goto, Y. Hanada, T. Ohno, M. Matsumura, J. Catal. 225, 223 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Y. Shiraishi, Y. Kofuji, H. Sakamoto, S. Tanaka, S. Ichikawa, T. Hirai, ACS Catal. 5, 3058 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Y. Wang, D. Meng, X. Zhao, Appl. Catal. B 273, 119064 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. T.M. Gur, Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 2696 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. L. Wang, G. Zhang, Q. Liu, H. Duan, Mater. Chem. Front. 2, 1414 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. S. Goriparti, E. Miele, F. De Angelis, E. Di Fabrizio, R.P. Zaccaria, C. Capiglia, J. Power Sour. 257, 421 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. S.-W. Kim, D.-H. Seo, X. Ma, G. Ceder, K. Kang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2, 710 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. J. Chen, Z. Mao, L. Zhang, D. Wang, R. Xu, L. Bie, B.D. Fahlman, ACS Nano 11, 12650 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. X. Li, Y. Feng, M. Li, W. Li, H. Wei, D. Song, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 6858 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. D.D. Pathak, D.P. Dutta, B.R. Ravuri, A. Ballal, A.C. Joshi, A.K. Tyagi, Electrochim. Acta 370, 137715 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. H. Tao, L. Xiong, S. Du, Y. Zhang, X. Yang, L. Zhang, Carbon 122, 54 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. V. Smil, Nature 400, 415 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. X. Chen, N. Li, Z. Kong, W.J. Ong, X. Zhao, Mater. Horiz. 5, 9 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. G. Dong, W.K. Ho, C. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 23435 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. C. Yao, R. Wang, Z. Wang, H. Lei, X. Dong, C. He, J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 27547 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Y. Wang, Y. Di, M. Antonietti, H.R. Li, X.F. Chen, X.C. Wang, Chem. Mater. 22, 5119 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. H. Wang, S. Jiang, S. Chen, D. Li, X. Zhang, W. Shao, X. Sun, J. Xie, Z. Zhao, Q. Zhang, Y. Tian, Y. Xie, Adv. Mater. 28, 6940 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. L. Cao, P. Dai, L. Zhu, L. Yan, R. Chen, D. Liu, X. Gu, L. Li, Q. Xue, X. Zhao, Appl. Catal. B 262, 118277 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. L. Wang, M. Liu, W. Zha, Y. Wei, X. Ma, C. Xu, C. Lu, N. Qin, L. Gao, W. Qiu, R. Sa, X. Fu, R. Yuan, J. Catal. 389, 533 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Diksha Mittal would like to acknowledge the National Initiative on Undergraduate Science programme of Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education-TIFR Mumbai, for the help and support extended for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India

    Diksha Mittal

  2. Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India

    Dimple P. Dutta

  3. Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 094, India

    Dimple P. Dutta

Authors
  1. Diksha Mittal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dimple P. Dutta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dimple P. Dutta.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors state that there are no competing financial interests and personal relationships which could influence the analysis of research work reported in this mini-review.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mittal, D., Dutta, D.P. Synthesis, structure, and selected photocatalytic applications of graphitic carbon nitride: a review. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 18512–18543 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06508-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06508-y

Search

Navigation