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Surface and transport properties of liquid Ag–Sn alloys and a case study of Ag–Sn eutectic solder

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Abstract

This review represents the state of the art in the thermophysical properties of liquid Ag–Sn alloys highlighting the surface and wetting properties of Ag–Sn eutectic solder. It includes an atomistic approach developed within the framework of statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with a Quasi Lattice Theory that, through a rigorous mathematical formalism, provides exact relationships between the properties in terms of classical thermodynamics. The model predicted property values are substantiated by available experimental data. Based on the phase diagram evidence about the existence of ε-Ag3Sn intermetallic compound, the surface (surface tension and surface composition), transport (viscosity and diffusivity) properties and microscopic functions (concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limit and chemical short-range order parameter) have been studied using the Compound Formation Model in a weak interaction approximation and Quasi Chemical Approximation for regular solutions. A case study of Ag–Sn eutectic alloy is presented. Taking into account its importance for design and development of lead free solder alternatives, the literature data on the wettability and the phases formed at the interface between Ag–Sn eutectic alloy and different substrates (Cu, Ni, Au, Pd) have also been analysed.

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Abbreviations

A, B :

Components of a binary A–B alloys

\({A_\mu }{B_\nu }\) :

Cluster in the liquid phase

a i (i = A, B):

Activity of component i

C i (i = A, B):

Composition of component i

C, 1 − C :

Composition of components A and B

C s, 1 − C s :

Surface composition of components A and B

D m :

Inter-diffusion coefficient of a binary alloy

D id :

Intrinsic diffusion coefficient for an ideal binary mixture

D i (i = A, B):

Self-diffusion coefficient of component i

E A :

Activation energy for viscous flow

f, f ij (i, j = A, B):

Bulk concentration functions

\({f^s},f_{{ij}}^{s}(i,j=A,B)\) :

Surface concentration functions

\({G_M}\) :

Gibbs free energy of mixing

\(G_{M}^{{xs}}\) :

Excess Gibbs free energy of mixing

\({H_M}\) :

Enthalpy of mixing

\({k_B}\) :

Boltzmann’s constant

M :

Average atomic weight of a binary alloy

N :

Avogadro’s number

P :

Pressure

p, q :

Surface coordination fractions

R :

Gas constant

\({S_{cc}}(0)\) :

Concentration fluctuations for the bulk phase

\({S_{cc}}(0,id)\) :

Concentration fluctuations for the ideal mixing condition

\(T\) :

Absolute temperature

\({T_m}\) :

Melting temperature of a binary alloy

\({V_i}(i=A,B)\) :

Atomic volume of component i

\(W\) :

Regular solution energy parameter

\(\Delta {W_{ij}}(i,j=A,B)\) :

Order energy parameters for the CFM

\({W_A}\) :

Work of adhesion

\(Z\) :

Coordination number

\(\alpha \) :

Mean surface area of a binary alloy

\({\alpha _1}\) :

Short-range order parameter

\(\beta \) :

Auxiliary variable for the bulk phase description

\({\beta ^s}\) :

Auxiliary variable for the surface phase description

\(\eta \) :

Viscosity of a binary alloy

\({\eta _i}(i=A,B)\) :

Viscosity of component i

\({\eta _0}\) :

Pre-exponential viscosity factor

\(\Delta {\Phi _{ij}}(i,j=A,B)\) :

Concentration functions depending on \(\mu ,\,\nu \)

\(\varphi ,{\varphi _{ij}}(i,j=A,B)\) :

Bulk concentration functions

\({\varphi ^s},\varphi _{{ij}}^{s}(i,j=A,B)\) :

Surface concentration functions

\({\lambda _i}(i=1,2)\) :

Size and shape dependent parameters for viscosity

\(\mu ,\,\nu \) :

Stoichiometric coefficients of an energetically favoured compound

\(\rho \) :

Density of a binary alloy

\({\rho _0}\) :

Density of a binary alloy at its melting temperature

\(\sigma \) :

Surface tension of a binary alloy

\({\sigma _A}\) :

Surface tension of pure component A

\({\sigma _B}\) :

Surface tension of pure component B

\({\sigma _0}\) :

Surface tension of a binary alloy at its melting temperature

\(\theta \) :

Contact angle

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Energy Technologies-National Research Council (ICMATE-CNR), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy

    R. Novakovic, S. Delsante & G. Borzone

  2. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Genoa University and Genoa Research Unit of the National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy

    S. Delsante & G. Borzone

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, 136-713, Seoul, South Korea

    J. Lee

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  1. R. Novakovic
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Novakovic, R., Delsante, S., Lee, J. et al. Surface and transport properties of liquid Ag–Sn alloys and a case study of Ag–Sn eutectic solder. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29, 17108–17121 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9897-z

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