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Enhanced visible light photocatalytic VOC oxidation via Ag-loaded TiO2/SiO2 materials

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Abstract

Ag-TiO2/SiO2 materials were synthesized with 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt% Ag contents and extensively characterized by different techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, BET, UV–VIS, EPR, and PL spectroscopy. Subsequently, the activity of these materials in the degradation of a model volatile organic compound (n-hexane) was compared by testing in a continuous gas–solid photoreactor. Loading with Ag induced stabilization of the brookite phase and crystal growth. TEM images showed d-spacing values corresponding to anatase and metallic silver. The specific surface area was lower in the Ag-modified catalysts, probably due to the blocking of the silica gel pores by Ag nanoparticles, whose size (~ 20 nm) was larger than the silica pores (~ 1.98 nm). SEM–EDS images showed heterogeneous distribution of Ag on the surface of the materials. XPS spectra showed bands referring to Ag+ and Ag0 3d, and Ti4+ and Ti3+ 2p. EPR analyses showed that silver loading of TiO2/SiO2 greatly increased the occurrence of oxygen vacancies in the material. Finally, the band gap energies calculated from the UV–VIS spectra were lower in the silver-containing catalysts, dropping from 3.25 to 3.17 eV in the optimal material. Under visible light, while TiO2/SiO2 showed no photoactivity, the Ag-modified materials presented satisfactory steady-state performance (46.4% n-hexane removal).

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Acknowledgement

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. The authors also express their gratitude to the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil, grants #311230/2020-2 and #140347/2020-8) and to the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, grant 2019/24158-9) for financial support. Moreover, this research used facilities of the Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), part of the Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), a private non-profit organization under the supervision of the Brazilian Ministry for Science, Technology, and Innovations (MCTI). The Naga Vishnu Vardhan Mogili and Ângela Albuquerque Teixeira Neto staff are acknowledged for the assistance during the experiments (TEM-FEG-20210327, XPS-20220414). Finally, the authors would like to thank Dr. Jose Geraldo Pacheco for their valuable contribution toward conducting photoluminescence spectroscopy analyses at Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE).

Funding

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES—Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)–Finance Code 001, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil, grants #311230/2020–2 and #140347/2020–8), and the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, grant 2019/24158–9).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Carolina de Araújo Gusmão, Priscila Hasse Palharim, Bruno Ramos & Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira

  2. Microfluidic and Photoelectrocatalytic Engineering Lab (μFEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Centro Universitario FEI, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil

    Bruno Ramos

  3. Laboratory of Ceramic Processes (LPC), Department of Material Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Douglas Gouvea

  4. Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN/CNEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Orlando Rodrigues Jr.

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  1. Carolina de Araújo Gusmão
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  6. Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira
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Contributions

CAG helped in conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, and visualization. PHP was involved in methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, and visualization. BR participated in formal analysis, investigation, writing–original draft, and visualization. ORJ helped in formal analysis, investigation, and visualization. DG was involved in investigation, visualization, and writing—review and editing. ACSCT participated in conceptualization, validation, resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, and funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Carolina de Araújo Gusmão or Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira.

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Gusmão, C.d., Palharim, P.H., Ramos, B. et al. Enhanced visible light photocatalytic VOC oxidation via Ag-loaded TiO2/SiO2 materials. J Mater Sci 59, 1215–1234 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-09285-7

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