Abstract
The present study critically investigates the evaluation of zinc sulphide nanoparticles (ZnS) as potential crystalline inclusion in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by a Monsanto Rheometer, and the vulcanization was carried out to their respective cure time values. The X-ray diffraction reveals the decrease in the amorphous phase of composite with the addition of ZnS nanoparticles. The uniform morphology of SBR was changed into a non-uniform pattern in the presence of ZnS nanoparticles, and few agglomerations were visible at higher loading of fillers. The effective utilization of the surface of nanoparticles by SBR chains resulted in an enhancement in rheometric torque or viscosities and a reduction in optimum cure and scorch time. Thermal stability studied by thermogravimetry (TGA) showed a remarkable increase in the thermal resistance of composites, and the thermal stability increases with an increase in the concentration of ZnS. The reinforcing natures of ZnS in SBR matrix were evident from increased mechanical properties such as tensile and tear strength, modulus, compression set, hardness and heat build-up behaviours. Effective formation of conductive chains of ZnS nanoparticles at 10 phr loading results in a maximum value of electrical conductivity. The diffusion and transport mechanisms of petroleum fuels through the polymeric membranes were studied according to the concentration of nanoparticles, the effect of solvent and temperature. The mechanism of diffusion shows an anomalous trend. The activation energy of diffusion and permeation of composites was also calculated from the sorption analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Maria HJ, Lyczko N, Nzihou A, Mathew C, George SC, Joseph K, Thomas S (2013) Transport of organic solvents through natural rubber/nitrile rubber/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 48:5373–5386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7332-7
Li Y, Wang Q, Wang T, Pan G (2012) Preparation and tribological properties of graphene oxide/nitrile rubber nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 47:730–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5846-4
Liu Q, Zhang Y, Xu H (2008) Properties of vulcanized rubber nanocomposites filled with nanokaolin and precipitated silica. Appl Clay Sci 42:232–237
Kar S, Maji PK, Bhowmick AK (2010) Chlorinated polyethylene nanocomposites: thermal and mechanical behavior. J Mater Sci 45:64–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3891-z
Jasna VC, Ramesan MT (2017) Studies on the mechanical, electrical properties and interaction of petroleum fuels with SBR/manganous tungstate nanocomposites. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 27:968–978
Jacob M, Varughese KT, Thomas S (2006) Dielectric characteristics of sisal–oil palm hybrid biofibre reinforced natural rubber biocomposites. J Mater Sci 41:5538–5547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0298-y
Ismail H, Salleh SZ, Ahmad Z (2013) Fatigue and hysteresis behavior of halloysite nanotubes-filled natural rubber (SMR L and ENR 50) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 127:3047–3052
Meera AP, Thomas PS, Thomas S (2012) Effect of organoclay on the gas barrier properties of natural rubber nanocomposites. Polym Compos 33:524–531
Pazhooh HN, Bagheri R, Adloo A (2017) Fabrication of semi-conductive natural rubber nanocomposites with low copper nanoparticle contents. Polymer 108:135–145
Suhailath K, Ramesan MT (2017) Temperature dependent AC conductivity, mechanical and different DC conductivity modeling of poly (butyl methacrylate)/samarium doped titanium dioxide nanocomposites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 28:13797–13805
Basuli U, Chattopadhyay S, Nah C, Chaki TK (2012) Electrical properties and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of multiwalled carbon nanotubes-reinforced EMA nanocomposites. Polym Compos 33:897–903
Jayakrishnan P, Ramesan MT (2017) Synthesis, structural, magnetoelectric and thermal properties of poly (anthranilic acid)/magnetite nanocomposites. Polym Bull 74:3179–3198
Seentrakoon B, Junhasavasdikul B, Chavasiri W (2013) Enhanced UV-protection and antibacterial properties of natural rubber/rutile-TiO2 nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 98:566–578
Jiang MJ, Dang ZM, Xu HP (2007) Enhanced electrical conductivity in chemically modified carbon nanotube/methylvinyl silicone rubber nanocomposite. Eur Polym J 43:4924–4930
Ramesan MT, Nidhisha V, Jayakrishnan P (2017) Synthesis, characterization and conducting properties of novel poly (vinyl cinnamate)/zinc oxide nanocomposites via in situ polymerization. Mater Sci Semicond Process 63:253–260
Jia Z, Xu T, Yang S, Luo Y, Jia D (2014) Interfacial mechano-chemical grafting in styrene–butadiene rubber/halloysite nanotubes composites. Polym Test 54:29–39
Ramesan MT (2014) Effect of fly ash on thermal stability, flammability, oil resistance and transport properties of chlorinated styrene butadiene rubber composites. J Elastomers Plast 46:303–324
Abraham J, Maria HJ, George SC, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S (2015) Transport characteristics of organic solvents through carbon nanotube filled styrene butadiene rubber nanocomposites: the influence of rubber–filler interaction, the degree of reinforcement and morphology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:11217–11228
Kumar PVA, Kumar SA, Varughese KT, Thomas S (2012) Transport properties of high-density polyethylene/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer blends. J Mater Sci 47:3293–3304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-6168-2
Donald IW, Mallinson PM, Metcalfe BL (2011) Recent developments in the preparation, characterization and applications of glass- and glass–ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings. J Mater Sci 46:1975–2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5095-y
Gong FL, Zhao CG, Feng M, Qin HL, Yang MS (2004) Synthesis and characterization of PVC/montmorillonite nanocomposite. J Mater Sci 39:293–294. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000007758.00802.1a
Zheng JP, Wang JX, Gao S, Yao KD (2005) Synthesis and characterization of PMMA/montmorillonite nanocomposites by emulsion polymerization. J Mater Sci 40:4687–4689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-3928-x
Ramesan MT, Nihmath A, Francis J (2013) Preparation and characterization of zinc sulphide nanocomposites based on acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. AIP Conf Proc 1536:255–257
Al Stroyuk, Raevskaya AE, Korzhak AV, Kuchmii SY (2007) Zinc sulfide nanoparticles: spectral properties and photocatalytic activity in metals reduction reactions. J Nanopart Res 9:1027–1039
Sampreeth T, Al-Maghrabi MA, Bahuleyan B, Ramesan MT (2018) Synthesis, characterization, thermal properties, conductivity and sensor application study of polyaniline/cerium doped titanium dioxide nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 53:591–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1505-8
Jasna VC, Ramesan MT (2017) Preparation, characterization, dielectric properties and diffusion studies of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/manganous tungstate (MnWO4) nanocomposites. AIP Conf Proc 1849:20044–20056
Johnson T, Thomas S (2000) Effect of epoxidation on the transport behaviour and mechanical properties of natural rubber. Polymer 41:7511–7522
Ramesan MT (2015) Effects of magnetite nanoparticles on morphology, processability, diffusion and transport behavior of ethyl vinyl acetate nanocomposites. Int J Plast Technol 19:368–380
Ramesan MT, Surya K (2017) Fabrication of biopolymer nanocomposite from natural resource materials. Polym Compos 38:E66–E73
Nihmath A, Ramesan MT (2017) Fabrication, characterization and dielectric studies of NBR/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites. J Inorg Organomet Polym 27:481–489
Sareena C, Ramesan MT, Purushothan E (2013) Transport studies of peanut Shell powder reinforced natural rubber composites in chlorinated solvent. Fibers Polym 14:1674–1687
Sen SK, Dasgupta B, Banerjee S (2009) Effect of introduction of heterocyclic moieties into polymer backbone on gas transport properties of fluorinated poly(ether imide) membranes. J Membr Sci 343:97–103
Mathai AE, Singh RP, Thomas S (2002) Transport of substituted benzenes through nitrile rubber/natural rubber blend membranes. J Membr Sci 202:35–54
Sareena C, Sreejith MP, Ramesan MT, Purushothaman E (2015) Transport properties of coconut shell powder (CSP)-reinforced natural rubber composites in aromatic solvents. Polym Bull 72:1683–1702
Padhi S, Achary PGR, Nayak NC (2015) Molecular transport behaviour of organic solvents through halloysite nanotubes filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Bull Mater Sci 38:925–933
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Prof. P. P. Pradyumnan, Department of Physics, University of Calicut, for providing necessary facilities in the department.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors of this article have no conflict of interest to declare.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jasna, V.C., Ramesan, M.T. Fabrication of novel nanocomposites from styrene-butadiene rubber/zinc sulphide nanoparticles. J Mater Sci 53, 8250–8262 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2173-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2173-z