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Parental Grief and Mourning in the Ancient Andes

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Abstract

Parental grief is an intense emotion shaped and mediated by cultural attitudes toward death, the strength of parent-child attachment, the age of the deceased child, and the role of children in society. Despite some assertions that high infant mortality or economic hardship may lessen parental grief, cross-cultural studies show that child death often causes emotional distress to parents, in particular mothers. Funerary treatments of children, especially infants, are often simplified, contradicting more immediate and immaterial expressions of parental grief that cannot be studied archaeologically. In this study, I examine the funerary treatment of children in ancient Andean Tiwanaku society (A.D. 500–1100). I assess the use of ritual practices and objects associated with children’s burials as indicative of children’s social identities and parental mourning. The nature of grave assemblages in regard to different ages of the children suggests that parental attitudes toward their children changed over the course of childhood. The choice of offerings seems to reflect parental attachment to and recognition of the child’s life. Modifications of ceramic vessels point to the intimate mourning gestures of grieving mothers who sought to provide their deceased children with the necessary offerings to assume their place among the community of venerated ancestors. This study draws on ethnographic, psychological, and ethnohistoric sources of parent-child bonds in the Andes and beyond to investigate children’s burials not merely as reflective of childhood and children’s role in society but as the material record of parental attachment and emotion in the past.

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Notes

  1. Nations and Rebhun (1988, p. 143) responded that what Scheper-Hughes had interpreted to be maternal indifference were in fact “post hoc rationalizations,” restoration-oriented grief strategies through which grieving mothers coped with their grief.

  2. In 1995, census data reported 220 deaths/1000 live births for children under the age of 5 years (www.dataworldbank.org).

  3. Child mortality rate (under the age of 5 years) in modern Andean communities, as reported by de Meer (1988), averaged around 25% and is caused by infections, hunger, cold, and accidents.

  4. This method is generally considered the most useful and reliable for estimating chronological age in subadult individuals (Scheuer and Black 2004, pp. 16–17).

  5. Based on Gluckman and Hanson (2006)

  6. Twenty-six of the 62 infants were less than 6 months old at death, including M10R-24B (see below). The methodologies used for aging subadult remains did not allow for more precise age estimates among infants.

  7. Ethnographic studies of various Andean communities consistently report weaning as taking place around ages 2 to 3 years (Bolin 2006; Buechler and Buechler 1971; de Ayala 1987 [1615]; Leonard et al. 2000).

  8. Except for a miniature red-slipped escudilla in tomb M10W-8, which was found with a 2-year-old child.

  9. Today, pan flutes are played by male members of Andean community, both young and old (Stobart 2002, p. 98).

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Paul Goldstein and Patricia Palacios, directors of Proyecto Omo M10 2010–2012 (Resolución Direccional Nacional No. 1618/INC), the Museo Contisuyo, and the Ministerio de Cultura in Moquegua, Peru. Many thanks to Barbara Carbajal, Camila Capriata, Cameron Clegg, Allisen Dahlstedt, and Evelín Lopez for the field and lab work. I thank the UCSD anthropology graduate students and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and feedback on the earlier versions of this paper.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA

    Sarah Baitzel

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Correspondence to Sarah Baitzel.

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This study was funded by the Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Program, the National Science Foundation (BCS-1240007), the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library Junior Fellowship, and the UCSD F.G. Bailey’s Dissertation Research Grant.

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Baitzel, S. Parental Grief and Mourning in the Ancient Andes. J Archaeol Method Theory 25, 178–201 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-017-9333-3

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