Abstract
Purpose: Autistic individuals often face challenges perceiving and expressing emotions, potentially stemming from differences in speech prosody. Here we explore how autism diagnoses between groups, and measures of social competence within groups may be related to, first, children’s speech characteristics (both prosodic features and amount of spontaneous speech), and second, to these two factors in mothers’ speech to their children. Methods: Autistic (n = 21) and non-autistic (n = 18) children, aged 7–12 years, participated in a Lego-building task with their mothers, while conversational speech was recorded. Mean F0, pitch range, pitch variability, and amount of spontaneous speech were calculated for each child and their mother. Results: The results indicated no differences in speech characteristics across autistic and non-autistic children, or across their mothers, suggesting that conversational context may have large effects on whether differences between autistic and non-autistic populations are found. However, variability in social competence within the group of non-autistic children (but not within autistic children) was predictive of children’s mean F0, pitch range and pitch variability. The amount of spontaneous speech produced by mothers (but not their prosody) predicted their autistic children’s social competence, which may suggest a heightened impact of scaffolding for mothers of autistic children. Conclusion: Together, results suggest complex interactions between context, social competence, and adaptive parenting strategies in driving prosodic differences in children’s speech.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Autism spectrum disorder. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Arvaniti, A. (2020). The phonetics of prosody. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
Asghari, S. Z., Farashi, S., Bashirian, S., & Jenabi, E. (2021). Distinctive prosodic features of people with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 23093. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02487-6.
Ashbaugh, K., Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (2017). Increasing social integration for college students with autism spectrum disorder. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 22(1), 183–196.
Ashwin, C., Hietanen, J. K., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Atypical integration of social cues for orienting to gaze direction in adults with autism. Molecular Autism, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-6-5.
Asperger, H. (1944). Die Autistischen Psychopathen im Kindesalter, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 117, 76–136. English translation by U. Frith (1991), Asperger, H. (1991). ‘Autistic psychopathy’ in childhood. In. Frither (Ed.), Autism and Asperber syndrome (pp.37–92).
Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Allison, C. (2008). The Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children’s version (AQ-Child). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1230–1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0504-z.
Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., Crnic, K. A., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2007). Prediction of social skills in 6-year-old children with and without developmental delays: Contributions of early regulation and maternal scaffolding. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112(5), 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[0375:POSSIY]2.0.CO;2.
Baker, J. K., Messinger, D. S., Lyons, K. K., & Grantz, C. J. (2010). A pilot study of maternal sensitivity in the context of emergent autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 988–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0948-4.
Baltaxe, C. A. M., & Simmons, J. Q. (1985). Prosodic development in normal and autistic children. In E. Schopler, & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Communication problems in Autism (pp. 95–125). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4806-2_7.
Bamicha, V., & Drigas, A. (2022). ToM & ASD: The interconnection of theory of mind with the social-emotional, cognitive development of children with autism spectrum disorder. The use of ICTs as an alternative form of intervention in ASD. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 33, 42–72. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v33i1.6845.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Staunton, R. (1994). Do children with autism acquire the phonology of their peers? An examination of group identification through the window of bilingualism. First Language, 14(42–43), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/014272379401404216.
Boersma, P. (2001). Praat: A system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International, 5(9/10), 341–345.
Bone, D., Black, M. P., Lee, C. C., Williams, M. E., Levitt, P., Lee, S., & Narayanan, S. (2012). Spontaneous-speech acoustic-prosodic features of children with autism and the interacting psychologist. In Thirteenth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association.
Bone, D., Lee, C. C., Black, M. P., Williams, M. E., Lee, S., Levitt, P., & Narayanan, S. (2014). The psychologist as an interlocutor in autism spectrum disorder assessment: Insights from a study of spontaneous prosody. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 57(4), 1162–1177. https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0062.
Bottema-Beutel, K., Yoder, P. J., Hochman, J. M., & Watson, L. R. (2014). The role of supported joint engagement and parent utterances in language and social communication development in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(9), 2162–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2092-z.
Boucher, T. Q., Lukacs, J. N., Scheerer, N. E., & Iarocci, G. (2023). Negative first impression judgements of autistic children by non-autistic adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1241584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1241584.
Brewer, N., Young, R. L., & Barnett, E. (2017). Measuring theory of mind in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(7), 1927–1941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3080-x.
Brooks, P. J., & Ploog, B. O. (2013). Attention to emotional tone of voice in speech perception in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(7), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.03.003.
Burnside, K., Wright, K., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2017). Social motivation and implicit theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 10(11), 1834–1844. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1836.
Capps, L., Kehres, J., & Sigman, M. (1998). Conversational abilities among children with autism and children with developmental delays. Autism, 2(4), 325–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361398024002.
Charpentier, J., Kovarski, K., Houy-Durand, E., Malvy, J., Saby, A., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Latinus, M., & Gomot, M. (2018). Emotional prosodic change detection in autism spectrum disorder: An electrophysiological investigation in children and adults. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 10(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-018-9246-9.
Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., Ho, S., & Henrich, J. (2016). Listen, follow me: Dynamic vocal signals of dominance predict emergent social rank in humans. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 145(5), 536–547. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000166.
Chien, Y. L., Gau, S. S. F., Chiu, Y. N., Tsai, W. C., Shang, C. Y., & Wu, Y. Y. (2014). Impaired sustained attention, focused attention, and vigilance in youths with autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(7), 881–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.04.006.
Cohen, D., Cassel, R. S., Saint-Georges, C., Mahdhaoui, A., Laznik, M. C., Apicella, F., Muratori, P., Maestro, S., Muratori, F., & Chetouani, M. (2013). Do parentese prosody and fathers’ involvement in interacting facilitate social interaction in infants who later develop autism? PLOS ONE, 8(5), e61402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061402.
Cooper, R. P., & Aslin, R. N. (1990). Preference for infant-directed speech in the first month after birth. Child Development, 61(5), 1584–1595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02885.x.
Costescu, C., Pitariu, D., David, C., & Rosan, A. (2022). Social communication predictors in autism spectrum disorder. Theoretical review. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 13(3), 20438087221106955. https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087221106955.
Cychosz, M., Cristia, A., Bergelson, E., Casillas, M., Baudet, G., Warlaumont, A. S., Scaff, C., Yankowitz, L., & Seidl, A. (2021). Vocal development in a large-scale crosslinguistic corpus. Developmental Science, 24(5), e13090. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13090.
De Laguna, G. (1927). Speech: Its function and development. Yale University Press.
Diehl, J. J., & Paul, R. (2012). Acoustic differences in the imitation of prosodic patterns in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.03.012.
Diehl, J. J., & Paul, R. (2013). Acoustic and perceptual measurements of prosody production on the profiling elements of prosodic systems in children by children with autism spectrum disorders. Applied Psycholinguistics, 34(1), 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716411000646.
Diehl, J. J., Watson, D., Bennetto, L., Mcdonough, J., & Gunlogson, C. (2009). An acoustic analysis of prosody in high-functioning autism. Applied Psycholinguistics, 30(3), 385–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716409090201.
Ding, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Speech prosody in mental disorders. Annual Review of Linguistics, 9(1), 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030421-065139.
Dunst, C. J., Gorman, E., & Hamby, D. W. (2012). Preference for infant-directed speech in preverbal young children. Center for Early Literacy Learning, 5(1), 1–13.
Durkin, K., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2007). Language, social behavior, and the quality of friendships in adolescents with and without a history of specific language impairment. Child Development, 78(5), 1441–1457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01076.x.
Feinberg, D. R., Jones, B. C., Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2005). Manipulations of fundamental and formant frequencies influence the attractiveness of human male voices. Animal Behaviour, 69(3), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.06.012.
Ference, J., & Curtin, S. (2013). Attention to lexical stress and early vocabulary growth in 5-month-olds at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116(4), 891–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.08.006.
Filipe, M. G., Frota, S., Castro, S. L., & Vicente, S. G. (2014). Atypical prosody in Asperger syndrome: Perceptual and acoustic measurements. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1972–1981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2073-2.
Filipe, M. G., Watson, L., Vicente, S. G., & Frota, S. (2018). Atypical preference for infant-directed speech as an early marker of autism spectrum disorders? A literature review and directions for further research. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 32(3), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2017.1342694.
Fosnot, S. L., & Jun, S. (1999). Prosodic characteristics in children with stuttering or autism during reading and imitation. In Proceedings of the 14th international congress of phonetic sciences (pp. 1925–1928).
Fusaroli, R., Lambrechts, A., Bang, D., Bowler, D. M., & Gaigg, S. B. (2017). Is voice a marker for autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism Research, 10(3), 384–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1678.
Goldstein, G., Johnson, C. R., & Minshew, N. J. (2001). Attentional processes in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010620820786.
Golinkoff, R. M., Can, D. D., Soderstrom, M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2015). (baby)talk to me: The social context of infant-directed speech and its effects on early language acquisition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415595345.
Greene, D. J., Colich, N., Iacoboni, M., Zaidel, E., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Dapretto, M. (2011). Atypical neural networks for social orienting in autism spectrum disorders. Neuroimage, 56(1), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.031.
GregoryJr., S. W., & Webster, S. (1996). A nonverbal signal in voices of interview partners effectively predicts communication accommodation and social status perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1231–1240. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1231.
GregoryJr., S. W., Green, B. E., Carrothers, R. M., Dagan, K. A., & Webster, S. W. (2001). Verifying the primacy of voice fundamental frequency in social status accommodation. Language & Communication, 21(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(00)00011-2.
Guralnick, M. J., Neville, B., Hammond, M. A., & Connor, R. T. (2008). Mothers’ social communicative adjustments to young children with mild developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 113(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2008)113[1:MSCATY]2.0.CO;2.
Hansen, S. G., Carnett, A., & Tullis, C. A. (2018). Defining early social communication skills: A systematic review and analysis. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2(1), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-018-0057-5.
Hart, B., Risley, T. R., & Kirby, J. R. (1997). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Canadian Journal of Education, 22(3), 323.
Hellbernd, N., & Sammler, D. (2018). Neural bases of social communicative intentions in speech. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(6), 604–615. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy034.
Hubbard, D. J., Faso, D. J., Assmann, P. F., & Sasson, N. J. (2017). Production and perception of emotional prosody by adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 10(12), 1991–2001. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1847.
Jellema, T., Lorteije, J., van Rijn, S., van t’ Wout, M., de Haan, E., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2009). Involuntary interpretation of social cues is compromised in autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 2(4), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.83.
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2(3), 217–250.
Kimhi, Y. (2014). Theory of mind abilities and deficits in autism spectrum disorders. Topics in Language Disorders, 34(4), 329. https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000033.
Klin, A. (1991). Young autistic children’s listening preferences in regard to speech: A possible characterization of the symptom of social withdrawal. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02206995.
Ko, E. S. (2012). Nonlinear development of speaking rate in child-directed speech. Lingua, 122(8), 841–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.02.005.
Ko, S. J., Sadler, M. S., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015). The sound of power: Conveying and detecting hierarchical rank through voice. Psychological Science, 26(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614553009.
Kruyt, J., & Beňuš, Š. (2021). Prosodic entrainment in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Topics in Linguistics, 22(2), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.2478/topling-2021-0010.
Kuhl, P. K., Coffey-Corina, S., Padden, D., & Dawson, G. (2005). Links between social and linguistic processing of speech in preschool children with autism: Behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Developmental Science, 8(1), F1–F12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00384.x.
Landa, R., Piven, J., Wzorek, M. M., Gayle, J. O., Chase, G. A., & Folstein, S. E. (1992). Social language use in parents of autistic individuals. Psychological Medicine, 22(1), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700032918.
Lehnert-LeHouillier, H., Terrazas, S., & Sandoval, S. (2020). Prosodic entrainment in conversations of verbal children and teens on the autism spectrum. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582221.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couter, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659–685.
Lott-Sandkamp, L. L., Spengler, F. B., & Heinrichs, M. (2023). Impairment in reading negative social cues extends beyond the face in autism. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 164, 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.032.
Mann, C. C., & Karsten, A. M. (2021). Assessment and treatment of prosody behavior in individuals with level 1 autism: A review and call for research. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 37(2), 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40616-021-00154-5.
Mazza, M., Mariano, M., Peretti, S., Masedu, F., Pino, M. C., & Valenti, M. (2017). The role of theory of mind on social information processing in children with autism spectrum disorders: A mediation analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(5), 1369–1379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3069-5.
McCann, J., Peppé, S., Gibbon, F. E., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2007). Prosody and its relationship to language in school-aged children with high-functioning autism. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42(6), 682–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820601170102.
McClay, E. K., Cebioglu, S., Broesch, T., & Yeung, H. H. (2022). Rethinking the phonetics of baby-talk: Differences across Canada and Vanuatu in the articulation of mothers’ speech to infants. Developmental Science, 25(2), e13180. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13180.
Mo, S., Liang, L., Bardikoff, N., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2019). Shifting visual attention to social and non-social stimuli in autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 65, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.05.006.
Nadig, A., & Shaw, H. (2012). Acoustic and perceptual measurement of expressive prosody in high-functioning autism: Increased pitch range and what it means to listeners. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1264-3.
Patel, S. P., Nayar, K., Martin, G. E., Franich, K., Crawford, S., Diehl, J. J., & Losh, M. (2020). An acoustic characterization of prosodic differences in autism spectrum disorder and first-degree relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(8), 3032–3045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04392-9.
Paul, R., Miles, S., Cicchetti, D., Sparrow, S., Klin, A., Volkmar, F., Coflin, M., & Booker, S. (2004). Adaptive behavior in autism and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified: Microanalysis of scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior scales. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022612.18116.46.
Paul, R., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2005a). Perception and production of prosody by speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(2), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-004-1999-1.
Paul, R., Shriberg, L. D., McSweeny, J., Cicchetti, D., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2005b). Brief report: Relations between prosodic performance and communication and socialization ratings in high functioning speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(6), 861–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0031-8.
Paul, R., Orlovski, S. M., Marcinko, H. C., & Volkmar, F. (2009). Conversational behaviors in youth with high-functioning ASD and asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0607-1.
Peppé, S., McCann, J., Gibbon, F., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2007). Receptive and expressive prosodic ability in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research: JSLHR, 50(4), 1015–1028. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/071).
Raneri, D., Holzen, K. V., Newman, R., & Ratner, N. B. (2020). Change in maternal speech rate to preverbal infants over the first two years of life. Journal of Child Language, 47(6), 1263–1275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030500091900093X.
Saint-Georges, C., Chetouani, M., Cassel, R., Apicella, F., Mahdhaoui, A., Muratori, F., Laznik, M. C., & Cohen, D. (2013). Motherese in interaction: At the cross-road of emotion and cognition? (a systematic review). PLOS ONE, 8(10), e78103. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078103.
Sasson, N. J., Faso, D. J., Nugent, J., Lovell, S., Kennedy, D. P., & Grossman, R. B. (2017). Neurotypical peers are less willing to interact with those with autism based on thin slice judgments. Scientific Reports, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40700.
Scheerer, N. E., Jones, J. A., & Iarocci, G. (2020a). Exploring the relationship between prosodic control and social competence in children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 13(11), 1880–1892. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2405.
Scheerer, N. E., Shafai, F., Stevenson, R. A., & Iarocci, G. (2020b). Affective prosody perception and the relation to social competence in autistic and typically developing children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(7), 965–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00644-5.
Sharda, M., Subhadra, T. P., Sahay, S., Nagaraja, C., Singh, L., Mishra, R., Sen, A., Singhal, N., Erickson, D., & Singh, N. C. (2010). Sounds of melody—pitch patterns of speech in autism. Neuroscience Letters, 478(1), 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.066.
Shriberg, L. D., Paul, R., McSweeny, J. L., Klin, A., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (2001). Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 44(5), 1097–1115. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087).
Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2002). The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children’s communication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014884404276.
Soderstrom, M. (2007). Beyond babytalk: Re-evaluating the nature and content of speech input to preverbal infants. Developmental Review, 27(4), 501–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.06.002.
Spinelli, M., Fasolo, M., & Mesman, J. (2017). Does prosody make the difference? A meta-analysis on relations between prosodic aspects of infant-directed speech and infant outcomes. Developmental Review, 44, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.12.001.
Stevens, K. N., Nickerson, R. S., & Rollins, A. M. (1983). Suprasegmental and postural aspects of speech production and their effect on articulatory skills and intelligibility. Speech of the Hearing Impaired: Research Training and Personnel Preparation, 35(51).
Trainor, L. J., Austin, C. M., & Desjardins, R. N. (2000). Is infant-directed speech prosody a result of the vocal expression of emotion? Psychological Science, 11(3), 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00240.
Vicente, A., & Falkum, I. L. (2023). Accounting for the preference for literal meanings in autism spectrum conditions. Mind & Language, 38(1), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12371.
Wechsler, D. (2011). WASI-II: Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. PsychCorp.
Weisleder, A., & Fernald, A. (2013). Talking to children matters: Early language experience strengthens processing and builds vocabulary. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2143–2152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613488145.
Woolard, A., Benders, T., Campbell, L. E., Whalen, O. M., Mallise, C., Karayanidis, F., Barker, D., Murphy, V. E., Tait, J., Gibson, P., Korostenski, L., & Lane, A. E. (2023). The relationship between pitch contours in infant-directed speech and early signs of autism in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 72, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101860.
Yager, J., & Iarocci, G. (2013). The development of the Multidimensional Social competence scale: A standardized measure of social competence in autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 6(6), 631–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1331.
Acknowledgements
Rilla MacDonald, Lisa Miele, Spencer Angus, Madison Hearn, Kevin Kong, Brittni Thompson, Marieke Vandenhende, Payman Baharmand, Victoria Lee, Mila Djordjevic, Paula Correa, Emma Hutchinson, Faith Yuen, Clarissa Montgomery for their work collecting data, summarizing transcriptions, and processing audio files.
Funding
This work was funded by a SSHRC Insight Grant to HHY (435-2020-0507).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts to declare.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Janes, A., McClay, E., Gurm, M. et al. Predicting Social Competence in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children: Effects of Prosody and the Amount of Speech Input. J Autism Dev Disord (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06363-w
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06363-w