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Longitudinal Association of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo with Depression in Adolescents and the Possible Role of Peer Victimization

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Abstract

It is unknown whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is prospectively associated with depression in adolescence, and possible processes linking SCT to depression remain unexamined. Using a longitudinal study with three timepoints over a two-year period, the current study tested the indirect effects of SCT on depression via peer victimization, specifically physical, relational, and verbal victimization. Participants were 302 adolescents (Mage = 13.17 years; 44.7% female participants; 81.8% White; 52% with ADHD). In the fall of 8th grade, adolescents and parents completed measures of adolescents’ SCT and ADHD symptoms. Adolescents completed a measure of peer victimization in spring of 8th grade and a measure of depressive symptoms in 10th grade. Models examining indirect effects were conducted with and without control of baseline ADHD and/or depressive symptoms. Across analyses, adolescent and parent ratings of SCT symptoms uniquely predicted greater depressive symptoms two years later when controlling for adolescent sex, study site, and either 8th grade depressive or ADHD symptoms. Further, adolescents’ self-reported 8th grade SCT symptoms predicted 10th grade depressive symptoms via verbal victimization when controlling for 8th grade ADHD symptoms, but not in analyses incorporating 8th grade depressive symptoms. Findings underscore the predictive association of SCT on depressive symptoms, the possible role of adverse peer relationships as a mechanism linking SCT to depression, and the importance of considering ADHD and depressive symptoms in research on longitudinal correlates of SCT.

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Notes

  1. Due to well documented elevations in depressive symptoms among female adolescents (Sinclair et al., 2012), and research showing verbal/relational victimization to be more common and impactful for female adolescents (Prinstein et al., 2001; Sinclair et al., 2012), we explored whether the indirect effect of SCT on subsequent depression via peer victimization was stronger among female than male participants. In moderated mediation models with both adolescent self-reported and parent-reported SCT, no evidence was found for the indirect effect significantly differing between male and female adolescents (all ps > 0.05).

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Funding

This research was supported by award number R305A160126 from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES), U.S. Department of Education. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the IES.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA

    Joseph W. Fredrick & Stephen P. Becker

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Stephen P. Becker

  3. Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Joshua M. Langberg

Authors
  1. Joseph W. Fredrick
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  2. Joshua M. Langberg
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  3. Stephen P. Becker
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Correspondence to Joseph W. Fredrick.

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Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, or publication of this article.

Ethical Approval

The study was approved by the Instiutional Review Boards at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants in the study.

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Fredrick, J.W., Langberg, J.M. & Becker, S.P. Longitudinal Association of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo with Depression in Adolescents and the Possible Role of Peer Victimization. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 50, 809–822 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00923-3

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