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Warm Parenting and Effortful Control in Toddlerhood: Independent and Interactive Predictors of School-Age Externalizing Behavior

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Abstract

Externalizing symptoms, such as aggression, impulsivity, and inattention, represent the most common forms of childhood maladjustment (Campbell et al. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 467–488, 2000). Several dimensions of parenting behavior, including overreactive and warm parenting, have been linked to children’s conduct problems. However, the majority of these studies involve biologically-related family members, thereby limiting understanding of the role of genetic and/or environmental underpinnings of parenting on child psychopathology. This study extends previous research by exploring associations between overreactive and warm parenting during toddlerhood and school-age externalizing problems, as well as the potential moderating effects of child effortful control (EC) on such associations using a longitudinal adoption design. The sample consisted of 225 adoption-linked families (adoptive parents, adopted child [124 male and 101 female] and birth parent[s]), thereby allowing for a more precise estimate of environmental influences on the association between parenting and child externalizing problems. Adoptive mothers’ warm parenting at 27 months predicted lower levels of child externalizing problems at ages 6 and 7. Child EC moderated this association in relation to teacher reports of school-age externalizing problems. Findings corroborate prior research with biological families that was not designed to unpack genetic and environmental influences on associations between parenting and child externalizing problems during childhood, highlighting the important role of parental warmth as an environmental influence.

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Notes

  1. A prior paper used a 3-item version (Leve et al. 2013); a 2-item version was used here due to reviewer feedback and improved reliability

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by grant R01 HD042608 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, U.S. PHS (PI Years 1–5: David Reiss, MD; PI Years 6–10: Leslie Leve, PhD). The current paper was also supported by a Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE-1247842) from NSF to the first author. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development or the National Institutes of Health.

We would like to thank the birth and adoptive parents who participated in this study and the adoption agency staff members who helped with the recruitment of study participants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, 4425 Sennott Square, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260-0001, USA

    Julia D. Reuben & Daniel S. Shaw

  2. Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Jenae M. Neiderhiser

  3. Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

    Misaki N. Natsuaki

  4. Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    David Reiss

  5. University of Oregon and Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR, USA

    Leslie D. Leve

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest. This study was conducted in compliance with the requirements of the Institutional Research Ethics Boards, and informed consent/ assent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

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Reuben, J.D., Shaw, D.S., Neiderhiser, J.M. et al. Warm Parenting and Effortful Control in Toddlerhood: Independent and Interactive Predictors of School-Age Externalizing Behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44, 1083–1096 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0096-6

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