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Measurement of Phase Transformation Temperatures in Shape Memory Alloys Using a Peltier Thermoelectric Apparatus

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Abstract

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are advanced metallic materials with physical and mechanical properties intrinsically dependent on temperature. This temperature dependence means a great potential for the use of these functional materials as actuators and/or sensors in engineering applications. Therefore, the need to study SMA behavior as a function of temperature is critical for the development of thermomechanical actuators based on these materials. This work aims to present the development of a new thermoelectric apparatus to characterize the phase transformation temperatures and thermal hysteresis of SMA. The apparatus can vary the temperature of a standard SMA specimen through a controlled temperature program. A monitoring system registers and displays the Electrical Resistance Variation with Temperature (ERT) in real time. The main component of this device is a Peltier thermoelectric module, which performs the heating and cooling of the SMA sample. Thermal cycles between − 50 °C and 150 °C are achievable by employing a controlled heat transfer, through use of a fuzzy control system. Experimental tests were performed to validate the apparatus using Ni–Ti and Ni–Ti–Cu SMA samples. The results show that ERT behavior is compatible with literature, and the measured phase transformation temperatures are close to those determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The uncertainty quantification of the ERT experiments, assessed by the Law of Uncertainty Propagation, indicates a low dispersion, below 7.60%, which delivers high precision and reliability to the measured phase transformation temperatures.

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Abbreviations

SMA:

Shape memory alloy

ERT:

Electrical resistance variation with temperature

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

DTA:

Differential thermal analysis

DMA:

Dynamic mechanical analysis

PTM:

Peltier thermoelectric module

LPU:

Law of propagation of uncertainties method

MEMS:

Micro-electro-mechanical systems

\({A}_{S}\) :

Start temperature of austenitic transformation (°C)

\({A}_{F}\) :

Finish temperature of austenitic transformation (°C)

\({M}_{S}\) :

Start temperature of martensitic transformation (°C)

\({M}_{F}\) :

Finish temperature of martensitic transformation (°C)

\({Q}_{a}\) :

Heat absorbed by the thermoelectric device on its cold side (W·m−2)

\({Q}_{r}\) :

Heat rejected by the thermoelectric device on its hot side (W·m−2)

\(I\) :

Electrical current (A)

\(V\) :

DC voltage (Volts)

\({ER}_{T}\) :

Difference between the reference and the measured temperatures (%)

\({\Delta ER}_{T}\) :

Rate change of error (%)

\(\Delta V\) :

Variation of input voltage (Volts)

\({T}_{ref}\) :

Reference temperature (°C)

\({Z}^{-1}\) :

Sampling time (s)

\({T}_{p}\) :

Temperature of the upper side of the Peltier Thermoelectric Module (°C)

\(L\) :

Sample dimension (mm)

\(W\) :

Sample dimension (mm)

\(S\) :

Sample dimension (mm)

\(T\) :

Temperature (°C)

\({t}_{r}\) :

Response time (s)

\({\rho }_{e}\) :

Electrical resistivity (Ω·s−1)

\(u\) :

Combined uncertainty (%)

\(U\) :

Expanded uncertainty (%)

\(R\) :

Electrical resistance (Ω

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for sponsoring the research projects “Universal 2016” (Grant Number 401128/2016-4) and “PQ-1C” (Grant Number 302740/2018-0), the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the post-doctoral scholarship (88887.355150/2019-00) granted to the author Estephanie Nobre Dantas Grassi, and the Research Support Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering and Technology, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Francisco Mota Avenue, 572, Mossoró, RN, 59625-900, Brazil

    Rômulo Pierre Batista dos Reis

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, João Naves de Ávila Avenue, 2121, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-144, Brazil

    José Ricardo Ferreira-Oliveira

  3. Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Active Materials and Structures, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Aprígio Veloso Street, 882, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-140, Brazil

    Estephanie Nobre Dantas Grassi & Carlos José de Araújo

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, University City District, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil

    Cícero da Rocha Souto

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  1. Rômulo Pierre Batista dos Reis
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RPBDR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Software, Writing – original draft. JRFO: Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review and editing. ENDG: Methodology, Writing – review and editing. CDRS: Conceptualization, Methodology. CJDA: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision.

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Correspondence to José Ricardo Ferreira-Oliveira.

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dos Reis, R.P.B., Ferreira-Oliveira, J.R., Grassi, E.N.D. et al. Measurement of Phase Transformation Temperatures in Shape Memory Alloys Using a Peltier Thermoelectric Apparatus. Int J Thermophys 43, 50 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-022-02977-3

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