Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid on Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

  • Published:
Inflammation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Acute arterial occlusions via different vascular pathologies are the main causes of spinal cord ischemia. We investigated neuroprotective effects of syringic acid on spinal cord ischemia injury in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: (I) sham-operated control rats, (II) spinal cord ischemia group, (III) spinal cord ischemia group performed syringic acid, and (IV) spinal cord ischemia group performed methylprednisolone intraperitoneally. Spinal cord ischemia was performed by the infrarenal aorta cross-clamping model. The spinal cord was removed after the procedure. The biochemical and histopathological changes were observed within the samples. Functional assessment was performed for neurological deficit scores. A significant decrease was seen in malondialdehyde levels in group III as compared to group II (P < 0.05). Besides these, nuclear respiratory factor-1 and superoxide dismutase activity of group III were significantly higher than group II (P < 0.05). In histopathological samples, when group III was compared with group II, there was a significant decrease in numbers of apoptotic neurons (P < 0.05). In immunohistochemical staining, BECN1 and caspase-3-immunopositive neurons were significantly decreased in group III compared with group II (P < 0.05). The neurological deficit scores of group III were significantly higher than group II at twenty-fourth hour of ischemia (P < 0.05). Our study revealed that syringic acid pretreatment in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion reduced oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration as a neuroprotective agent. Ultrastructural studies are required for syringic acid to be developed as a promising therapeutic agent to be utilized for human spinal cord ischemia in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Weidauer, S., M. Nichtweiß, E. Hattingen, J. Berkefeld. 2014. Spinal cord ischemia: etiology, clinical syndromes and imaging features. Neuroradiology 16.

  2. Aslan, A., M. Cemek, M.E. Buyukokuroglu, K. Altunbas, O. Bas, Y. Yurumez, and M. Cosar. 2009. Dantrolene can reduce secondary damage after spinal cord injury. European Spine Journal 18(10): 1442–1451.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Guven, M., T. Akman, A.B... Aras, A.U. Yener, M.H. Sehitoglu, Y. Yuksel, U.H. Golge, E. Karavelioglu, E. Bal, and M. Cosar. 2015. The neuroprotective effect of kefir on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Journal of the Korean Neurosurgical Society 57(3).

  4. Carden, D.L., and D.N. Granger. 2000. Pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Journal of Pathology 190: 255–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cho, J.Y., J.H. Moon, K.Y. Seong, and K.H. Park. 1998. Antimicrobial activity of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and trans 4-hydroxycinnamic acid isolated and identified from rice hull. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 62: 2273–2276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Guven, M., A.B... Aras, N. Topaloglu, A. Ozkan, H.M. Sen, Y. Kalkan, A. Okuyucu, A. Akbal, F. Gokmen, and M. Cosar. 2015. The protective effect of syringic acid on ischemia injury in rat brain. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 45: 233–240.

  7. Simonyi, A., Q. Wang, R.L. Miller, M. Yusof, P.B. Shelat, A.Y. Sun, and G.Y. Sun. 2005. Polyphenols in cerebral ischemia: novel targets for neuroprotection. Molecular Neurobiology 31: 135–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Scalbert, A., and G. Williamson. 2000. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. Journal of Nutrition 130: 2073–2085.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hudson, E.A., P.A. Dinh, T. Kokubun, M.S. Simmonds, and A. Gescher. 2000. Characterization of potentially chemopreventive phenols in extracts of brown rice that inhibit the growth of human breast and colon cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 9: 1163–1170.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kumar, S., P. Prahalathan, and B. Raja. 2012. Syringic acid ameliorates (L)-NAME-induced hypertension by reducing oxidative stress. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 385: 1175–1184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Morton, L.W., K.D. Croft, I.B. Puddey, and L. Byrne. 2000. Phenolic acids protect low density lipoproteins from peroxynitrite-mediated modification in vitro. Redox Report 5: 124–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lafci, G., H.S. Gedik, K. Korkmaz, H. Erdem, O.F. Cicek, and O.A. Nacar. 2013. Efficacy of iloprost and montelukast combination on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 8: 64.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Basso, D.M., M.S. Beattie, and J.C. Bresnahan. 1995. A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field-testing in rats. Journal of Neurotrauma 12: 1–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gutsaeva, D.R., M.S. Carraway, H.B. Suliman, I.T. Demchenko, H. Shitara, H. Yonekawa, and C.A. Piantadosi. 2008. Transient hypoxia stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in brain subcortex by a neuronal nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. Journal of Neuroscience 28: 2015–2024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sun, Y., L.W. Oberley, and Y. Li. 1998. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical Chemistry 34: 497–500.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Buege, J.A., and S.D. Aust. 1978. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology 52: 302–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Naoko, K., M. Kawaguchi, T. Horiuchi, S. Inoue, T. Sakamoto, M. Nakamura, N. Konishi, and H. Furuya. 2005. An evaluation of white matter injury after spinal cord ischemia in rats: a comparison with gray matter injury. Anesthesia and Analgesia 100: 847–854.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ginsberg, M.D. 1995. Review: neuroprotection in brain ischemia: an update (part I). The Neuroscientist 1: 95–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mauney, M.C., L.H. Blackbourne, S.E. Langenburg, S.A. Buchanan, I.L. Kron, and G.G. Tribble. 1995. Prevention of spinal cord injury after repair of the thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 59: 245–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Von Moltke, L.L., J.L. Weemhoff, E. Bedir, I.A. Khan, J.S. Harmatz, P. Goldman, and D.J. Greenblatt. 2004. Inhibition of human cytochromes P450 by components of ginkgo biloba. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 56: 1039–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kang, S.S., J.Y. Lee, Y.K. Choi, S.S. Song, J.S. Kim, S.J. Jeon, Y.N. Han, K.H. Son, and B.H. Han. 2005. Neuroprotective effects of naturally occurring bioflavonoids. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 15: 3588–3591.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ozen, O.A., M. Cosar, O. Sahin, H. Fidan, O. Eser, and H. Mollaoglu. 2008. The protective effect of fish n-3 fatty acids on cerebral ischemia in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurological Science 29: 147–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Yin, W., A.P. Signore, M. Iwai, G. Cao, Y. Gao, and J. Chen. 2008. Rapidly increased neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Stroke 39: 3057–3063.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Porter, A.G., and R.U. Janicke. 1999. Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation 6: 99–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Li, P., D. Nijhawan, I. Budihardjo, S.M. Srinivasula, M. Ahmad, and E.S. Alnemri. 1997. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 91: 479–489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the experimental research center of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mehmet Tokmak

  2. Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey

    Yasemin Yuksel

  3. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey

    Muserref Hilal Sehitoglu

  4. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey

    Mustafa Guven, Tarik Akman, Adem Bozkurt Aras & Murat Cosar

  5. Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Khalid M. Abbed

Authors
  1. Mehmet Tokmak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yasemin Yuksel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muserref Hilal Sehitoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mustafa Guven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tarik Akman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Adem Bozkurt Aras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Murat Cosar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Khalid M. Abbed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mehmet Tokmak.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tokmak, M., Yuksel, Y., Sehitoglu, M.H. et al. The Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid on Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Inflammation 38, 1969–1978 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-015-0177-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-015-0177-2

KEY WORDS

Search

Navigation