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Bacillus subtilis-regulation of stomatal movement and instantaneous water use efficiency in Vicia faba

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Abstract

Microbes- and microbe-associated molecular patterns-induced stomatal closure have been known to be connected with the early defense responses and the improvement of instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) in plants. Being a commercially available microorganism, Bacillus subtilis can promote plant growth and induce disease resistance. However, its effects on stomatal movement and WUEi in plants have been largely unexplored. Here, we showed that B. subtilis induced stomatal closure in a dose- and time-dependent manner when applied to isolated epidermal peels and intact leaves of broad bean. Pharmacological study further revealed that the B. subtilis-induced stomatal closure in epidermal peels was mediated mainly by reactive oxygen species production via NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, foliar application of B. subtilis significantly reduced stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and net photosynthesis rate (Pn) of leaves of broad bean at 8 and 24 h, reductions in which were reversed after 48 h. As a consequence, the WUEi of plants treated with B. subtilis for 8–144 h was higher than that in the control. The chlorophyll fluorescence and content analysis further demonstrated that B. subtilis could enhance plant photosynthetic activities by increasing leaf photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content. These results suggest that foliar spray of B. subtilis can improve WUEi of crop plant via the regulations of stomatal movement and photosynthetic activity during a special time period.

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Abbreviations

CAT:

Catalase

Ci :

Intercellular CO2 concentration

DPI:

Diphenylene iodonium chloride

E:

Transpiration rate

Fv/Fm:

Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII)

gs :

Stomatal conductance

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching

Pn :

Net photosynthetic rate

ΦPSII:

Effective quantum yield of PSII

qP:

Photochemical quenching

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SHAM:

Salicylhydroxamic acid

WUEi :

Instantaneous water use efficiency

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the National High-Tech R & D Program (863 Program) for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011AA100503), Natural Science Fund of China (31330010) and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ13C030002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Yan Li, Shanshan Xu, Jing Gao, Sha Pan & Genxuan Wang

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  1. Yan Li
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  2. Shanshan Xu
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  3. Jing Gao
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  4. Sha Pan
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  5. Genxuan Wang
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Correspondence to Genxuan Wang.

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Li, Y., Xu, S., Gao, J. et al. Bacillus subtilis-regulation of stomatal movement and instantaneous water use efficiency in Vicia faba . Plant Growth Regul 78, 43–55 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0073-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0073-7

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