Abstract
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill (Parsley) is a culinary and medicinal vegetable of the family Apiaceae, which has been used by humans since ancient time. A molecular genetic diversity study was conducted on 10 Iranian populations of P. crispum using start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers to investigate infraspecific genetic diversity and population structure. The nuclear genomes extraction were performed using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol, then amplified using 10 SCoT primers. We found a large amount of population genetic differentiation index (GST) and total genetic difference in the pooled populations (HT) among the examined populations, which were supported by HS, NM. Additionally, we detected a significant genetic diversity (PhiPT = 0.755, P = 0.001) among the populations and their individuals by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) test, in which its great proportion was assigned to among populations. We detected the largest amounts of genetic polymorphism in populations 1 and 5, while a reverse condition was observed for population 7. We found four genotype groups among the populations that was similar with phytogeographic mapping. The level of genetic divergence between populations (PhiPT) of each genotype was relatively low. This species produce protandrous florets and cross-pollination plays a significant role in seed production. Therefore, the genetic structure of genotypes must be heterogeneous. In Iran, the genetic structure of all genotypes was nearly homogenous which resulted from a flat rate of gene flow, which agreed with our estimated amount of NM (0.13). We supposed a range of isolation mechanisms including, isolation by distance, isolation by environment, isolation by ecology, and isolation by resistance act as driving forces to create high genetic differentiation among the parsley populations. These genotypes can be used for future genetic and breeding research to develop new cultivars can survive under biotic and abiotic stresses and yield high biomass.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Serie MM, Habashy NH, Maher AM (2019) In vitro anti-nephrotoxic potential of Ammi visnaga, Petroselinum crispum, Hordeum vulgare, and Cymbopogon schoenanthus seed or leaf extracts by suppressing the necrotic mediators, oxidative stress and inflammation. BMC Complement Med Ther 19:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2559-8
Agyare C, Appiah T, Boakye YD, Apenteng JA (2017) Petroselinum crispum: a review. Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 527–547
Alemzadeh Ansari N, Safaiyan N, Mosavi M, Beiranvand Z (2014) Evaluation of genetic diversity some of iranian parsley native populations using morphological characteristics and physiological properties. J Appl Crop Breed 2:139–152
Andrew RL, Ostevik KL, Ebert DP, Rieseberg LH (2012) Adaptation with gene flow across the landscape in a dune sunflower. Mol Ecol 21:2078–2091. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05454.x
Ashry M, Atia I, Morsy F, Elmashad W (2021) Protective efficiency of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) against oxidative stress, DNA damage and nephrotoxicity induced with anti–tuberculosis drugs. Int J Cancer Biomed Res 5:27–36. https://doi.org/10.21608/jcbr.2020.45551.1077
Boutsika A, Sarrou E, Cook CM, Mellidou I, Avramidou E, Angeli A, Martens S, Ralli P, Letsiou S, Selini A, Grigoriadis I, Tourvas N, Kadoglidou K, Kalivas A, Maloupa E, Xanthopoulou A, Ganopoulos I (2021) Evaluation of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) germplasm diversity from the greek gene bank using morphological, molecular and metabolic markers. Ind Crops Prod 170:113767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113767
Bradburd GS, Ralph PL, Coop GM (2013) Disentangling the effects of geographic and ecological isolation on genetic differentiation. Evolution 67:3258–3273. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12193
Burgett M (1980) Pollination of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) grown for seed. J Apic Res 19:79–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1980.11100001
Chṅapek M, Mikolášova L, Vivodík M, Gálová Z, Hromadová Z, Ražná K, Balážová Ž (2022) Genetic diversity of oat genotypes using SCoT markers. Biol Life Sci Forum 11:29. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECPS2021-11926
Chung MY, Merilä J, Li J, Mao K, López-Pujol J, Tsumura Y, Chung MG (2023) Neutral and adaptive genetic diversity in plants: an overview. Front Ecol Evol 11:1116814. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1116814
Coşkun ÖF (2023) Molecular characterization, population structure analysis, and association mapping of turkish parsley genotypes using iPBS markers. Horticulture 9:336. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae903033
Coşkun OF, Gündüz YF, Toprak S, Mavi K (2023) Molecular characterization of some parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) genotypes. MKU J Agric Sci 28:236–244. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1216419
Danciu C, Cioanca O, Watz–Farcas C, Hancianu M, Racoviceanu R, Muntean D, Zupko I, Oprean C, Tatu C, Paunescu V, Procks M, Diaconeasa Z, Soica C, Pinzaru I, Dehelean C (2020) Botanical therapeutics (part II): antimicrobial and anticancer activity against mcf7 human breast cancer cells of chamomile, parsley and celery alcoholic extracts. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 21:187–200. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520620666200807213734
Dobriĉević N, ŠicŽlabur J, Voća S, Pliestić S, Galić A, Delić A, Fabek Uher S (2019) Bioactive compounds content and nutritional potential of different parsley parts (Petroselinum crispum Mill). J Cent Eur Agric 20:900–910. https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/20.3.2417
Domblides AS, Domblides EA, Kharchenko VA, Potekhin GA (2010) Study of genetic variation among parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill. Nym.) samples using RAPD and ISSR markers. Mosc Univ Biol Sci Bull 65:152–154. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0096392510040073
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12:13
Edelaar P, Alonso D, Lagerveld S, Senar JC, Björklund M (2012) Population differentiation and restricted gene flow in Spanish crossbills: not isolation-by-distance but isolation-by-ecology. J Evol Biol 25:417–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02443.x
Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14:2611–2620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x
Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial-DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479–491. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/131.2.479
Huang R, Zhang ZD, Wang Y, Wang YQ (2020) Genetic variation and genetic structure within meta populations of two closely related selfing and outcrossing Zingiber species (Zingiberaceae). AoB Plants 13(1):plaa065. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plaa065
Ibrahim HMM, El-Leel OFA, Emam KA (2017) Molecular profiling for genetic variability in Petroselinum crispum based on ISSR and RAPD markers. Middle East J Agric Res 6:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-011-9446-y
Jost L (2008) GST and its relatives do not measure differentiation. Mol Ecol 17:4015–4026. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03887.x
McRae BH (2006) Isolation by resistance. Evolution 60:1551–1561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00500.x
Michalaki A, Karantonis HC, Kritikou AS, Thomaidis NS, Dasenaki ME (2023) Ultrasound–assisted extraction of specific phenolic compounds from Petroselinum crispum leaves using response surface methodology and HPLC–PDA and Q–TOF–MS/MS identification. Appl Sci 13:798. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020798
Nasiri K, Shojaeiyan A, Yadollahi A, Mirshekari A, Ghanbari K (2015) Genetic diversity assessment of some iranian parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) Accessions using SRAP molecular marker. J Veg Sci 1:1–10. https://doi.org/10.22034/IUVS.2015.15346
Peakall R, Smouse PE (2012) GENALEX 6.5: genetic analysis in excel, population genetic software for teaching and research. An update. Bioinformatics 28:2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460
Safaei Chaeikr S, Falakro F, Rahimi M, Jahangirzadeh Khiav S, Ashourpour M (2020) The investigation of genetic diversity based on SCoT markers, morphological, and chemical characters in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) clones. J Hortic Postharvest Res 3(2):269–284. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.2848.1097
Salgotra RK, Chauhan BS (2023) Genetic diversity, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources. Gene 14:174. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010174
Sexton JP, Hangartner SB, Hoffmann AA (2014) Genetic isolation by environment or distance: Which pattern of gene flow is most common? Evolution 68:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12258
Shahlaei A, Torabi S, Khosroshahli M (2014) Efficacy of SCoT and ISSR markers in assessment of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) genetic diversity. Int J Biol Sci 5:14–22
Slighoua M, Mahdi I, Amrati FE, Di Cristo F, Amaghnouje A, Grafov A, Boucetta N, Bari A, Bousta D (2021) Assessment of in vivo estrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydro-ethanolic extract and polyphenolic fraction of parsley (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm). J Ethnopharmacol 265:113290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113290
Talebi SM, Askary M, Samiei-Rad M (2022) Do we have infraspecific taxa of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. (Lamiaceae) in Iran? Mol Biol Rep 49:1181–1189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06946-1
Talebi SM, Mahdieh M, Sarveyas F, Matsyura A (2023) Infraspecific genetic diversity and seed fatty acid composition in Sesamum indicum L. populations (Pedaliaceae) in Iran. Biochem Syst Ecol 107:104618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2023.104618
Tiwari AK, Kumar G, Tiwari B, Kadam GB, Saha TN (2017) Genetic diversity among turf grasses by ISSR markers. Indian J Agric Sci 87:251–256. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v87i2.67652
Via S, Hawthorne DJ (2002) The genetic architecture of ecological specialization: correlated gene effects on host use and habitat choice in pea aphids. Am Nat 159(s3):S76–S88. https://doi.org/10.1086/338374
Wang IJ (2012) Environmental and topographic variables shape genetic structure and effective population sizes in the endangered Yosemite toad. Divers Distrib 18:1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00897.x
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hou M, Han W (2022) Anti-fatigue activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) flavonoids via regulation of oxidative stress and gut microbiota in mice. J Funct Foods 89:104963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.104963
Zohary M (1973) Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East, vol 2. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart
Acknowledgements
The collaboration and the assistance provided by personnel at Arak University are highly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Talebi, S.M., Mahdieh, M., Ghorbani, M. et al. Molecular genetic diversity among Iranian Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill germplasms: an ecological overview. Genet Resour Crop Evol 71, 1989–2001 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01756-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01756-9